Selçuk Tıp Dergisi Arşiv

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, kritik bakım hastalarında yoğun bakım ünitesi (YBÜ) yatışında ölçülen kan üre
azotu (BUN)/albümin oranının hastane içi mortaliteyi tahmin etme açısından prognostik değerinin
değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı.
Hastalar ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif gözlemsel çalışma, bir üniversite hastanesinin acil servisinde (AS)
gerçekleştirildi. Altı ay (1 Temmuz 2019 - 31 Aralık 2019) boyunca acil AS-YBÜ’ye yatırılan hastalar
çalışmaya dahil edildi. BUN/albümin oranının hesaplanmasında YBÜ’ye kabul öncesi ölçülmüş olan BUN
ve albümin değerleri esas alındı. Çalışmanın birincil sonucu ha stane içi mortaliteydi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya toplam 572 hasta dahil edildi. Dahil edilen hastaların ortanca yaşı 66 (54–77) yıldı
ve bunların 362'si (%63,3) erkekti. Genel hastane içi mortalite oranı 29.0% (166 hasta) idi. Vefat edenlerin
ortanca BUN seviyesi hayatta kalanlardan daha yüksekti (38,2 (21,4-59,7) ve 21,9 (14,9-36,9) mg/dL,
p<0,001). Vefat edenlerin ortanca albümin seviyesi hayatta kalanlardan daha düşüktü (2,9 (2,3-3,5) ve 3,7
(3,2-4,0) g/dL, p<0,001). Vefat edenlerin ortanca BUN/albümin oranı hayatta kalanlardan daha yüksekti
(13.33 (6.69–22.99) ve 6.21 (3.83–11.21), p<0.001). Eğri altında kalan alanların sıralaması albümin
(0,742), BUN/albümin oranı (0,720) ve BUN (0,678) idi. Hastane içi mortaliteyi tahmin etme açısından
hesaplanan kesim değerleri, albümin için 3,2 g/dL, BUN/albümin oranı için 10 ve BUN için 32 mg/dL idi.
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, YBÜ’ye yatış sırasında saptanan hipoalbüminemi, kritik hastalarda hastane içi
mortalite ile ilişkilidir. Yüksek BUN ve BUN/albümin oranı da bu hastalarda hastane içi mortalitenin
öngörücüleridir; ancak BUN ve BUN/albümin oranı hipoalbüminemid en daha üstün değildir .

Aim: Post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defects (PMIVSD) are rare but have extremely high
mortality and morbidity. Mortality rates and risk factors vary in many studies. We aimed to evaluate
the mortality rates and risk factors of ventricular septal defects (PMIVSD) after myocardial infarction
performed in our center .
Patients and Methods: We retrospectively enrolled the patients who underwent surgery for PMIVSD in
our clinic from January 2006 to April 2020 with the age ≥ 18.
Results: A total of 9451 patients admitted to our center with acute myocardial infarction between 2006
and 2020 were examined. Twenty-eight patients operated for PMIVSD were included in the study. Our
PMIVSD rate was 0.296%. When we compare those survivors and non-survivors the only thing which
statistically significant was length of stay in hospital. In survivors it was 13 days when it 2 days in nonsurvivors
group (p<0.001). One patient in survivor group was st ayed in hospital for 107 days.
Conclusion: Timing of the surgery for PMIVSD patients is still challenging. Further strategies like
implanting LVAD or percutaneous devices and waiting for a while before the surgery will be the better
approach for PMIVSD patients.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of extracapsular invasion and its
relationship with clinicopathological data in gastric cancer .
Patients and Methods: A total of 190 patients with primary gastric carcinoma underwent total and
subtotal gastrectomy between 2013 and 2020 were included in the study. 133 (70%) were men, and 57
(30%) were women. Tumour invasion beyond the lymph node capsule was diagnosed as extracapsular
involvement. and evaulated in addition to histological type, lymph node positivity, lymphovascular and
perineural invasion, depth of invasion, and numbers of lymph no de metastasis.
Results: 136 patients (71.4%) had lymph node metastasis. Of these, 87 patients (64%) had extracapsular
invasion. Of the cases with extracapsular invasion, 36 (65.5%) were differentiated and 51 (63%) were
undifferentiated and perineural - lymphovascular invasion was seen in 68 (68%) and 80 (68.4%) cases,
respectively. A statistically significant association was observed with extracapsular invasion in terms of
perineural invasion (p=0.01), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.008) and depth of invasion (p=0.001) and
number of metastatic node (p=0.001). Extracapsular invasion was not associated with sex, histological
type, and resection type. In the multivariate analyse, the risk of extracapsular invasion is 5,501 higher
in those with cardia localization. Those with perineural invasion have an 11,44 higher risk of having
extracapsular invasion.
Conclusion: Cases with extracapsular invasion are associated with poor prognostic parameters. It
should be included in the future staging system of gastric cancers and pathology reports should include
information about extracapsular invasion.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the diagnosis and survival relationships of serum biomarkers
in patients with HCC and HRS, as well as to determine their sui tability for routine use in practice.
Patients and Methods: This is an observational, retrospective cohort study; between years 2005 and
2020. Only cases diagnosed with cirrhosis were included as the control group and these patients did not
have a diagnosis of HCC or HRS. In addition to the control group, 3 different groups were defined; HCC
group, HRS group and HCC&HRS group. Those with malignant disease (non-HCC) were not included in
the control group. Using neutrophil, lymphocyte and platelet counts obtained from hemogram results,
neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil-platelet ratio (NPR), systemic immune inflammatory index
(SII) score and CRP to albumin ratio (CAR) were calculated for all patient groups.
Results: A total of 110 patients were included in the study; While 26 (23.6%) of the patients were female,
84 (76.4%) were male. There were 29 (26.4%) patients in the cirrhosis group, 27 (24.5%) in the HCC
group, 18 (16.4%) in the HRS group, and 36 (32.7%) in the HCC&HRS group. Regardless of the groups,
63 (57.3%) of the patients in the whole population were diagnosed with HCC, while 54 (49.1%) were
diagnosed with HRS; 36 (32.7%) patients with HRS were Type 1 and 18 (16.4%) were Type 2 patients. In
terms of survival, 68 (61.8%) of all patients died during the follow-up period (exitus); 27 patients (24.5%
of all patients) died within the first year. In comparisons of the HRS detection capabilities of serum
biomarkers with ROC analyses, the only biomarker whose AUC value was not detected above 0.7 is SII;
AUC for >624 threshold: 0.674 (0.578–0.760). Comparisons of serum biomarkers' ability to predict overall
survival independent of diagnostic groups with ROC analyzes found AUC>0.7 for all biomarkers; The
highest sensitivity (70.59%) and specificity (80.95%) values we re determined for NLR and CAR.
Conclusion: Serum biomarkers NLR, NPR, SII and CAR are sufficient to predict overall survival in the
presence of HCC, HRS in cirrhotic patients. NLR, NPR and CAR have sufficient sensitivity and specificity
to detect hepatorenal syndrome.

Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of intravenous glucose infusion in dopamine and its metabolite
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, norepinephrine and its metabolite dihydroxyphenylglycol levels in ventromedial
nucleus (VMN) by brain microdialysis method.
Patients and Methods: 2 groups of normally fed (saline and glucose administered) and 2 groups of 24 hours
food restricted (saline and glucose administered) male adult Wistar albino rats were used. Microdialysis
samples were collected at 20-minute intervals. After recording the first samples, 1.4 ml/kg 50% glucose
solution and 0.9% saline were infused via tail vein. Then, other microdialysis samples were collected for 40
minutes from satiated and fasted rats. All microdialysis samples were analyzed by HPLC-ECD system. All
values were normalised with controls before application and sta tistically analysed by SPSS 20.0.
Results: While dopamine concentrations didn’t change in physiological saline administered fasted and
satiated animals and glucose-administered fasted animals, a statistically insignificant increase was noticed
in glucose-administered satiated groups. DOPAC concentrations showed a statistically significant increase in
satiated glucose group compared to control group about DOPAC concentrations (p=0.004).
Conclusion: Dopaminergic neurotransmission in VMN may vary with blood glucose level. Hyperglycemia
following food intake may contribute to the feeling of satiety by increasing dopaminergic neurotransmitter
concentration in VMN.

Aim: Laboratory tests are an important part of clinical diagnostic decision. Therefore, measurement
uncertainty stands out in the context of the accuracy of the laboratory results. In the study, different
quality objectives and results were evaluated by investigating the measurement uncertainty of 29 routine
biochemistry analytes.
Material and Methods: The measurement uncertainty calculation model of 29 analytes were analyzed
with the Mindray BS-800 autoanalyzer between October 2020 and April 2021, and evaluated according
to ISO/TS 20914 Guideline. The external uncertainty and measurement uncertainties consist of definition
of the measured values, determination of the factors affecting the measurement, method measurement
uncertainty, calibration uncertainty , and quality control data were determined.
Results: The measured analytes as triglyceride, iron, phosphorus, GGT, creatine kinase, uric acid, lipase
and CRP were compatible with EFLM and Ricos total allowable error (TEa%) values at both levels. ALT
was compatible with level 2 and level 1 according to Ricos, amylase, AST, total cholesterol, HDL and total
bilirubin were compatible with level 2 according to Ricos. In addition, LDH and BUN were compatible with
level 2 according to EFLM.
Conclusion: Measurement uncertainty shows the distribution of measurement results which displays an
important role in the evaluation of measurement of laboratory tests. In our study, it was determined that
triglyceride, iron, phosphorus, GGT, creatine kinase, uric acid, lipase and CRP analytes were compatible
with both levels according to the total allowable error (TEa%) of EFLM and Ricos. Also, it was observed
that the other parameters were not compatible with both levels. Further and comprehensive studies are
needed.

Aim: Burns are common, especially in children. Here, we aimed to determine incidence of attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children with burns a nd compare them with healthy children.
Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted between August 2019 and April 2021. The
study group consisted of pediatric patients aged between 3-16 years admitted to the pediatric emergency
with burns. Children aged between 3-16 years admitted for non-traumatic reasons also constituted the
controls. Cultural and demographic characteristics of both groups were similar. After initial intervention
and stabilization, the revised Conners’ Parental Rating Scale (CPRS-R) was applied to both groups.
Results: The study group consisted of 143 individuals with a mean age of 6.93±2.96 years, and 69
(48.3%) were girls. The control group consisted of 140 children (mean age: 6.72±2.48 ranging between
3-16 years), and 49.3% were girls. There was no statistically significant difference between both groups
regarding age and gender (p=0.36, 0.84, respectively). The most common cause of burns (69.2%)
was exposure to hot water or oil spill. Most of the victims due to burns (89.5%) were discharged from
emergency after outpatient intervention. All subscale scores calculated through CPRS-R, except for
cognitive problems/inattention subscale scores, were significantly higher in the study group than the
controls. The educational status of the parents in the study group was hi gher than those of the controls.
Conclusion: Our findings indicated that the incidence of ADHD symptoms may be higher in children
admitted to the emergency department due to burn injuries.

Aim: The literature revealed that group of COVID-19 patients who experience anosmia and ageusia
symptoms is younger, is predominantly female, and experiences a milder course of the disease. This
study aimed to evaluate the relationship of the presence of anosmia and ageusia symptoms with the
severity of pneumonia and laboratory test results in hospitaliz ed patients with COVID-19.
Patients and Methods: A retrospective evaluation was made of patients who were hospitalized by
the Department of Pulmonology between October 2020-March 2021 and underwent thorax computed
tomography (CT). Thorax CT findings of the patients were scored with a severity score for each lobe and
a total score was obtained. Pneumonia was classified according to the shape, distribution and appearance
of the lesions, and laboratory test results were obtained. These findings were compared according to the
presence of anosmia and ageusia symptoms.
Results: Evaluation was made of a total of 177 patients, comprising 89(50.2%) males and 88(49.8%)
females with a mean age of 53.0±14.5 years (range, 18-89 years). The number of patients who experienced
at least one of the symptoms of anosmia and ageusia (Group 1) was 67(37.9%) and the rest (Group 2)
did not experience any of these symptoms. The Group 1 patients who experienced these symptoms was
younger (p=0.009). No difference was determined between groups regarding the total pneumonia score
and involvement patterns (p> 0.05). The groups were similar in terms of laboratory results(p> 0.05) .
Conclusion: The prevalence of anosmia and ageusia in hospitalized patients is not a small number and
is more common in the younger population. No association was seen between the presence of these
symptoms and milder pneumonia severity and laboratory results. These symptoms do not have prognostic
value for the severity of the disease in hospitalized patients.

Aim: We aimed to retrospectively analyze and present the findings of patients diagnosed with esophageal
cancer and staged using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography/Computed
Tomography (PET/CT) imaging.
Patients and Methods: Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with esophagus who were staged with 18F-FDG
PET/CT in our hospital between February 2015 and February 2020 were included in this study. Patients'
age, gender, localization of the primary tumor and 18F-FDG PET/CT maximum standardized uptake value
(SUVmax), findings of metastases to mediastinal, abdominal and cervical lymph nodes, lung, liver, bone and
other areas were retrospectively evaluated as.
Results: The meanage of the patients was 66,97 ± 14,54 years. 20 patients (54%) were male, 17 patients
(46%) were female. 10 patients (27%) had upper esophagus tumors, 23 patients (62%) had lower esophagus
tumors, 4 patients had middle esophageal tumors (11%). The pathological diagnosis of 23 patients was
squamous cell ca, 14 patients were adeno ca. The mean of primary tumor SUV max was measured as 14,09
± 6,36 in all patients. The mean primary tumor SUVmax of the patients diagnosed with squamous ca was
14,51 ± 6,63, and the mean of primary tumor SUV max of the patients diagnosed with adeno ca was found to
be 13,40 ± 6,03. Progression was observed in 7 of 9 patients whose treatment and follow-ups were continued
in our hospital, and regression was observed in 2 of them.
Conclusion: In the initial staging of patients diagnosed with esophageal ca, 18F-FDG PET/CT is an
increasingly useful imaging method. Our study supports this.

Objective: ıt was aimed to retrospectively evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics, anxiety and depression levels of adolescent mothers who were referred for marriage leave. Material and methods: 65 adolescent cases who became mother when they applied to the outpatient clinic for marriage permission between 2018-2020. Hospital records, sociodemographic data and edited forensic reports including psychiatric evaluations of the cases were reviewed retrospectively. In order to determine their depression and anxiety levels during the evaluation period, they were asked to fill in the anxiety and depression scale-revised self-report scale and kent e-g-y and porteus labyrinths intelligence tests applied by the psychologist were applied to evaluate the cognitive development.

Results: The mean age of the subjects included in the study was 16.33±0.307 years. It was determined that the mean age at which they were married unofficially was 15.44±0.499 years. It was observed that the average education period was 5.08±1.461 years. Before the unofficial marriage, 70.8% of the cases lived in the village and 29.2% in the city, after the marriage, 53.8% of the cases lived in the village and 46.2% in the city. It has been determined that 27.7% of unofficial marriages are consanguineous marriages. It was determined that the mean age of the children of the patients when they applied to the clinic was 4.05±3,701 months.

Conclusion: Girls who married early and gave birth before the age of 18, ıt reveals that their education period is short, their socioeconomic level is low, the age gap with their spouses is high, and their spouses' job opportunities are limited. The development of intervention programs and legal regulations aimed at preventing early marriages may contribute to the prevention of both adolescent marriages and the negative consequences of being an adolescent mother.

Aim: Lateral elbow tendinopathy is primarily associated with an extensor dysfunction of extensor digitorum
communis, extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles. The secondary functions
of extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi ulnaris are radial and ulnar deviation movement
of the wrist, respectively. We hypothesized that common extensor tendon cannot fully rest, due to this
antagonistic strength of wrist (radio-ulnar) as a vicious circle. We aimed to explain the chronic persistent
pathophysiological mechanism that prevented complete recovery and to present results of this novel
exercise method in the study .
Patients and Methods: 47 LET patients (exercise: 27; control: 20) were included in the case-control
study between 2015 and 2016. The exercise consisted of ulnar to radial deviation for the exercise group.
The patient-rated tennis elbow evaluation (PRTEE) test was used for measurements at baseline, 1st , 6th,
and 12th months. Mixed models were used to compare these score s of the two groups.
Results: There was no difference between the PRTEE baseline scores of the exercise and control groups
(t:-0.22, p:0.830). The PRTEE scores in the 1st ,6th, and 12th months were significantly lower in the
exercise group than in the controls ( t: -3.71, p: 0.0003; t: -3.88, p:0.0002; t: -2.28, p:0.024, respectively).
Conclusion: Common extensor tendon cannot fully rest, due to this antagonistic strength. The exercise
method, which aims to decrease the antagonistic tension on the tendon, was found to be effective, which
may contribute to understand the prolonged inflammation and/or tendinosis mechanism.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate vitamin D levels, which were determined over a year in the pediatric
clinic of a training and research hospital in Central Anatolia, according to age groups, gender, and
seasonal characteristics.
Patients and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using the data of children aged 0–18
years who applied to the children’s clinic of a hospital between January 2019 and December 2019 and
whose vitamin D levels were determined. Children were divided into five different age groups, 28 days–12
months, 13 months–2 years, 2–5 years, 6–11 years, and 12–18 years, in accordance with Standard 6
recommendations. Vitamin D levels were evaluated in terms of age group, gender, and admission season.
Results: A total of 9496 children, 5360 (56.4%) females and 4136 (43.6%) males, were included in the
study. A 25(OH)D level below 20 ng/mL (representing a deficiency) was found in 6472 (68.2%) of the
participants, while 2085 (21.9%) participants had a 25(OH)D level between 21–29 ng/mL (representing an
insufficiency) and 939 (9.9%) participants had a 25(OH)D level over 30 ng/mL (representing sufficiency).
It was determined that vitamin D levels are lower in girls than in boys, vitamin D levels are inversely
proportional to age, and vitamin D levels reach their lowest values in winter and highest values in summer.
The effects of age group, gender, and season of admission on vitamin D levels were statistically significant
(P < 0.001).
Conclusion: The mean vitamin D levels for all age groups were either insufficient or deficient. Vitamin D
levels in children aged 0–18 is related to age, gender, and season. Necessary measures should be taken,
especially for at-risk groups, to prevent vitamin D deficiency or insuf ficiency.

The purpose of this review is to systematically review the intervention studies conducted and published to
prevent central catheter-related bloodstream infections. In this study, MEDLINE, CINAHL COCHRANE Library
and PUBMED databases were searched using “Preventing CLABSI infections” (Central Line-associated
Bloodstream Infection = CLABSI) as a keyword. Studies published in international journals between January
1, 2016 and November 10, 2020 were evaluated, and 99 publications were reached as a result of the search.
Seven studies were included in the scope of the review in line with the inclusion / exclusion criteria. As a
result of the investigated studies, the application of evidence-based infection control measures such as
hand hygiene, adherence to maximum barrier precautions during catheter insertion, skin antisepsis with 2%
chlorhexidine, appropriate dressing, avoiding the femoral vein and questioning the need for daily catheters
through appropriate methods It has been found to be effective in preventing associated bloodstream infections.
As a result of this systematic review, it was determined that evidence-based infection control measures
should be continued to be applied in adult intensive care units, especially in adult intensive care units, in order
to reduce the incidence of central catheter-associated bloodstr eam infections.

The most common therapeutic method for early stage distal esophageal cancers and proximal stomach
cancer is surgery. One of the challenges in esophageal surgery is to maintain gastrointestinal continuity.
The neoesophagus is transferred from the posterior, mediastinal, or retrosternal areas to the cervical
region. A 61-year-old male patient with esophageal cancer had received transhiatal total gastrectomy,
distal esophagectomy, and Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy. Right thoracotomy had been performed due
to anastomotic leak with the esophageal stump left behind. Left thoracotomy and metastasectomy were
also performed due to lung metastasis. The left colon was transpositioned from the presternal area to
the cervical region for reconstructive purposes. Physicians should bear in mind that the conduit can be
advanced in the presternal area as the last resort for its localization in esophageal surgery. The aim of this
study was to present, along with literature review, the case of a patient with distal esophageal cancer for
whom presternal colonic transposition was performed with the es ophageal stump left behind.

The endoscopic approach for brow lifting has many advantages such as better exposure of the operative
field, shorter scars, reduced risk of alopecia and scalp sensory changes. Correct dissection technique,
release of the soft tissue attachments and efficient fixation of the forehead flap play an important role
in the outcome of the procedure. In this paper, we describe a modification of cortical tunnel fixation
technique, which allows delivering thick, weight-bearing suture s easily from the tight cortical tunnel.