Makale Arama

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the perioperative and postoperative follow-up results of patients operated for a parotid mass.

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Materials and Methods: A total of 66 patients who were operated between 2000 and 2011, were evaluated retrospectively.

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Results: The mean age of the patients was 48,6. On the basis of post-operative histopathologic assessement, 61 of the cases were found to be primary benign, 3 of the cases  primary malignant and 2 of the cases secondary malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common in primary benign tumors group with 29 cases, Warthin tumors were in the second place with 14 cases. Adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and expleomorphic adenoma were observed as primary malignant tumors. Both of the seconder malignant tumors were metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. Sensitivity and specifity of the preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy in the benign-malignant differentiation were found as 60 % and 96 %, respectively. Superfacial parotidectomy, total parotidectomy and radical parotidectomy were used as surgical procedures. In addition to this procedure, neck dissection was performed in several cases. The most frequent complication was temporary facial nerve paresis.

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Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration biopsy is an effective diagnostic procedure for the benign-malignant differentiation of the parotid tumors. Superfacial parotidectomy is an adequate and efficient surgical procedure for the benign parotid tumors and complication risk is considerably low when applied carefully. For malignant tumors, superfacial, total or radical parotidectomy should be performed and when necessary, neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy should be added to the treatment.

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Early stage cervical cancers involve stage I and stage IIA. The treatment is radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. Besides the operation can be performed by laparotomy, with the development of laparoscopic technology, the treatment has been started with laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and laparoscopic lymph node dissection. The advantages of laparoscopic approach are less analgesic requirement, minimal postoperative discomfort, shorter hospital stay and faster return to normal daily activities. In this article, a patient was presented having early stage cervical cancer at 30 years old; therefore, applied laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (type III), laparoscopic bilateral pelvic para-aortic lymph node dissection. Also, despite possibility receive radiotherapy, laparoscopic bilateral ovarian transposition was applied due to remove ovaries from radiation area. This operation can not be performed at any center, because it requires advanced experience.

To evaluate the five year survival outcomes of breast cancer patients treated at our department and to assess the prognostic factors that affect survival parameters. All patients underwent our department’s routine procedure for breast cancer. All patients received RT to the breast or chest wall using 3D conformal technique with 2 Gy fraction doses, five days a week with two opposite tangential fields. If necessary, ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa field was added to the treatment field. Anthracycline-based chemotherapy was primarily used, patients with estrogen receptor- positive disease received hormonal therapy and patients with Her-2 receptor-positive disease received trastuzumab. The primary end points of this study were to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and the disease-free survival (DFS) of the patients. The secondary end points of this study were to assess the prognostic factors that affect the survival outcomes. Statistical analysis were carried out using SPSS Statistic program version 13. Between 11.02.2010 and 01.05.2016, 559 patients with breast cancer who had been irradiated postoperatively were included in this retrospective study. 2 and 5 year OS rates were 97% and 84%; 2 and 5 year DFS rates were 97% and 71%, respectively. According to multivariate analysis, ≥70 year, to have triple (-) hormonal status, to have T3-4 disease, to have N2-3 nodal stage and to have locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis were the independent prognostic factors that affect OS. Also, to have N2-3 nodal stage and to have triple (-) hormonal status were independent prognostic factors that affect DFS. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Its incidence has been increasing but mortality has been decreasing in the last 10-15 years. In the light of current treatment modalities, to know the prognostic factors that affect survival outcomes is very important for both choosing the most appropriate treatment modality and the prediciton of treatment response.

Lung cancer is the most common among cause of cancer deaths in worldwide. NSCLC represent between 80% to 85% of all the diagnosed lung cancers cases. Systemic chemotherapy for patients with NSCLC has limited impact on overall survival. Patients eligible for chemotherapy should be selected carefully. The aim of this study analyzed prognostic factors for survival in NSCLC patients. We retrospectively reviewed 741 NSCLC patients between 2000 and 2012. Ten potential prognostic variables were chosen for analysis in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify prognostic factors associated with survival. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to determine prognostic factors. Among the 10 variables of univariate analysis, three variables were identified to have prognostic significance: performans status (PS), diabetes mellitus (DM) and stage. Multivariate analysis included the 3 prognostic significance factors in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazard model showed that PS was considered independent prognostic factors for survival, as were DM and stage. In conclusion, PS, DM and stage were identified as important prognostic factors in NSCLC patients. These findings may also facilitate pretreatment prediction of survival and can be used for selecting patients for treatment.

Among bone lesions, bone metastases are the most common lesions leading to malignant destruction. Bone metastases commonly result in severe pain that is hard to handle. Appropriate treatment of pain associated with bone metastases is critical for the improvement of the patients’ quality of life. In this article, current treatment approaches regarding bone metastasis are reviewed.

Aim: It was aimed to investigate  the relationship of disease clinical stage between the maximum diameter of primer lesion (LEGÇ), maximum of standardized uptake value (SUVmax), mean of standardized uptake value (SUVmean), tumor volüme (TV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) values derived from positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images.

Method: The information of 130 lung cancer patients diagnosed histopathologically between 01.01.2012 and 31.12.2014 in Necmettin Erbakan University Nuclear Medicine Department of Meram Medical Faculty scanned for PET-CT for lung cancer diagnosis and staging,  were included in this study. The values of the maximum diameter of primer lesion, SUVmax, SUVmean, TLG and MTV derived from PET-CT scanning and their histopathological subtypes, other clinical and radyological information of patients were noted. The non-small cell lung cancer patients were graded according to tumor diameter, nodal and involvement metastasis (TNM) staging system using clinical information, PET-CT and other radyological test results if any. On the other hand, the small cell carcinoma diagnosed were categorised as limited or extensive stage.

Findings: In this study, the mean age of 118 men and 12 women,  totally 130 patients, was evaluated  63,46 ±9,96 ( range 40-87 age ). The patients were classified as 106 non-small cell lung Cancer (NSCLC) (81.5%) ve 24 small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (18.5%).  The  histopathologically diagnosed NSCLC patients were consists of  62 squamous cell cancers, 39 adeno cancers, and 5  other types (3 carcinoid tumors, 1 large cell cancer and 1 sarcomatoid tumor). 

Results: In our study, it was observed that there was no significant relationship between the maximum diameter of the lesion, SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV and TLG values among SCLC and NSCLC patients. Additionally, it was also found that there was no correlation between these parameters and the SCLC stage.  The maximum diameter of the lesion, SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV and TLG parameters were related with stage.

Conclusion: Higher SUVmax, SUVmean, TV, and TLG values of the primary tumor were determined to predict the more advanced clinical stage in NSCLC. This relationship between metabolic parameters and the clinical stage suggest that PET / CT may be valuable in terms of providing prognostic information in NSCLC.

Purpose: In the case of the skeletal muscie metastasis of lung cancer the authors report radiographic, CT scan and MRI findings of painful masses in the femoral regions. Muscle biopsy revealed extensive infiltration of the muscle with carcinoma cells. Case: A 68 year-old man presented with a large cavitary lesion with thickened wall in the left hilus on radiogrraphy and CT scan. The diagnosis of the lung cancer was made by bronchoalveolar lavage. The radiograph did not Show any soft tissue mass, except periosteal reaction. MRI showed a tumoral mass in the right quadriceps muscle with signal intensity slightly lower on T1-weighted and higher in T2-weighted images than surrounding muscle tissue.Needle biopsy revealed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. The patient died six month later. Conclusion: MRI is more useful technique than the other methods for determination of the localization, the relationship of the surrounding tissues and the manifestations of metastatic masses on the skeletal muscle due to malign tumor of the lung.

Aim: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is associated with an aggressive course and short survival. Conventional chemotherapy (CT) is the mainstay of SCLC treatment. However, the majority of information on chemotherapy (CT), as well as information on demographic data of patients, is based on studies from several decades ago. In this study, we aimed to determine the current demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with SCLC and to determine their responses to the treatments.

Patients and methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, cohort study. Definitions of survival were overall survival (TOS) and survival after metastasis (MOS). TOS was calculated as the time from the diagnosis to the date of death or last visit. MOS was calculated as the time from the diagnosis of metastasis to the date of death or last visit.

Results: The data of 161 patients were analyzed. Response rates obtained with 1st line CT, 2nd line CT, and 3rd line CT were 72.2%, 43.3%, and 40.4%, respectively. The median TOS and median MOS were calculated as 15.7 months (0.03-106.97) and 13.79 months (0.03-79.54), respectively. Although they were metastatic, ten patients had never received first-line CT, and the median MOS was 1.88 months and 14.62 months, respectively, in those who did not receive CT and received CT. Twenty-one (18.9%) of the 111 patients who needed second-line treatment did not receive CT, and the median MOS was 8.39 months and 18.45 months, respectively, in those who did not receive CT and received CT. Eighteen of the 65 patients (27.7%) who required the third-line treatment did not receive CT, and the median MOS was found to be 15.36 months and 23.86 months, respectively, in those who did not receive CT and received CT. The presence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and refusal of treatment were statistically significant parameters affecting the median TOS. And, poor performance status and refusal of treatment were statistically significant parameters parameters affecting the median MOS.

Conclusions: In this study, it was confirmed that early diagnosis of SCLC was associated with a survival advantage. It was shown that the patients who received and were able to tolerate the treatment had obtained a survival advantage, regardless of the disease phase.

In The Patients With Lung Cancer It is well known that lung cancer is one of the main causes of the paraneoplastic neuropathy syn-dromes. Although the lung cancer has remote effect on peripheral nerves, whether it affects central neu-ronal pathways is not clear. In this study visual, auditory and somatosen-soriel evoked evoked potentials (VEP,BAEP,SEP re-spectively) are recorded in the 28 patients with lung cancer in whom no cerebral metastase were found-ed. Nerve conduction study showed sensory neurop-athy in 7 patients (25%). VEP latencies were path-ologically delayed in 4 patients (19.'4%). Frequency in the abnormal delay of SEP (N19 and 131) is also 19.4%. BAEP could not he elicited in 5 patients (17.24%). We concluded that central neuronal path-ways are also he influenced by remote effect of the lung cancer. However its central effect is not so _fre-quent as peripheral one.

Although it remains relatively stable childhood cancer rates in the last two years, thanks to advances in early diagnosis and treatment there has been a serious decline in the mortality rate. Despite all these developments, it still experienced today that children diagnosed with cancer 75% more than they can not survive more than five years. Before cancer treatment, oral and dental health problems may impair during and after the child’s health and quality of life. Therefore, pediatric dentists, the provision of oral hygiene and dental treatment needs of these patients have a very important place.

A retrospective study was performed to investigate the mortality among the patients hospitalized in department of chest diseases Dicle University medical school clinic. The patients passed out in this clinic in the period from January 2004 to May 2009 were evaluated. It was determined that totally 4417 patients were hospitalized (8892 hospitalization) in this period and 384 (8.6%) of them resulted in death. The mean age of the patients was 66.8±15.3 and 92 (33%) were women and 187 (67%) were men. The principal causes of their mortality were pneumonia in 92 patients (33.1%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 87 (31.2%) patients, pulmonary cancer in 52 (18.6%) patients, tuberculosis (TB) in 18 (6.5%) patients, pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) in 18 (6.5%) patients and another diseases in 12 (4,2%). When the accompanying diseases were evaluated, no additional diseases were determined in 130 (46.6%) patients; 41 patients (14.7%) had cardiac disorders, 22 patients (7.9%) had cancers outside the lungs, 18 patients (6.5%) had cor pulmonale, 17 patients (6.1%) had neurologic disorders, 15 patients (5.4%) had renal diseases, 10 patients (3.6%) had diabetes mellitus (DM), 9 patients (3.1%) had TB and 17 patients (6.1) had unclassified disorders. In conclusion, we think that the knowledge about their mortality rates and the causes of mortality is useful for every clinic for their approach to the patients and considering the accompanying diseases is helpful to decrease the mortality

Appendiceal mucocele is the distension of the appendix lumen with mucoid material. Appendix rupture or peritoneal implantations do not occur in mucosal hyperplasia. However, if perforated, it might spread inside the abdomen and the resulting condition is called pseudomyxoma peritonei. Appendectomy was performed on an eight five year-old female patient because of appendiceal mucocele one year ago. Pseudomyxoma peritonei was determined in the followups. Laparotomy was performed on the patient. The implants in the abdomen were cleaned and omentectomy was performed. In appendiceal mucocele, the mass should be removed totally without being perforated. It might spread inside the abdomen following tumor perforation and pseudomyxoma peritonei might occur. When pseudomyxoma peritonei is found, radiotherapy should be planned following the total removal of the tumor.

Objective: The aim was to review the hormonal status, treatment and histopathological diagnosis of patients admitted to our endocrinology outpatient clinic with the diagnosis of adrenal incidentaloma.

Material and Methods:Between 2015-2018, 217 patients with adrenal incidentaloma who were admitted to the endocrinology outpatient clinic were included in the study. 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST), 24 hour urine free cortisol, 24-hour urine methanephrine and normetanephrine levels were evaluated in all patients.Patients who also have hypertension or hypokalemiawere screened for the plasma aldosterone/renin activity ratio. CT or MRI imaging properties of adrenal incidentalomas were screened.

Results: In the evaluation of cases; 180 (83%) of the masses were evaluated as non-functional and 37 (17%) as functional. Of the 37 patients evaluated as having functional adrenal mass; 10 (4.6%) pheochromocytoma, 5 (2.3%) Cushing's syndrome, 9 (4.1%) subclinical Cushing’s syndrome and 13 (6%) primary hyperaldesteronism were detected. In 180 patients who were evaluated as having non-functional adrenal mass; metastatic disease in 7 (3 non-small cell lung cancer, 1 breast cancer, 1 prostate carcinoma and 2 unknown primary cancer), myelolipoma in 4, ganglioneuroma in 1, hydatid cyst in 1, adrenocortical carcinoma in 2 patients were detected.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is not uncommon for adrenal incidentalomas to be functional. It may be malignant in some cases. For this reason, adrenal incidentaloma is a condition that should be examined both in terms of
functionality and malignancy potential.

Tuberculosis is a disease that can mostly be diagnosed, and may involve all organs; however also may frequently mimic other disease of the involved organs and sometimes causes diagnostic problems. In our case we presented a patient that we thought to be lung cancer, however diagnosed as tuberculosis after the evaluations. We think that in countries with high tuberculosis incidence and prevalence such as our country, tuberculosis should be kept in mind in differential diagnosis in every clinical and radiological feature.

Aim: The aim of this experimental study is to determine the relationship of the element levels in different tissues and the postmortem process and the reliability of this relationship in the determination of postmortem interval. Material and method: For this purpose, 52 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were sacrified by cervical dislocation and four of them were seperated for dissection. On the other hand, remaining 48 rats were divided into two groups for the purpose of investigating surrounding temperature the corps existed to the tissue element levels. One of the groups was kept at 4 ºC and the other at 18±2 ºC. Just after sacrifice, seperated four rats were dissected. Then the dissection was made at 6., 12., 24., 48., 72. and 96. hours four rats each among the groups kept in both temperatures. Brain, myocardium, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle samples were taken from each rat. Element levels were determined by ICP-AES in the samples which were prepared for analysing with microwave digestion method. The values acquired for Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S and Zn were statistically evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: When the findings of both temperatures were evaluated together in all tissues, it was determined that Fe, K, Na, Ca and Cu showed significant changes in more than one tissue at 4 ºC and 18±2 ºC. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the availability of tissue element levels as a reliable method in the determination of postmortem interval needs to be revealed by experimental studies that will be done on wider series and the analyses on the autopsy material.

\r\n Locally advanced rectal cancer is one of the best example that optimal outcomes are achieved with a multidisciplinary approach. The mainstay of curative treatment remains radical surgery; however, combine with radiotherapy is the optimal treatment to control local recurrence and to improve survival. To date, preoperative radiotherapy is shown to be superior than postoperatif radiotherapy. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the application methods, advantages and disadvantages of preoperative radiotherapy.

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Extensive surgical excision, free skin graft and regio•al lymphadeno-idectomy for therapeutic or prophylactic reasons were performed in fifteen malign skin melanoma cases. They were kept under postoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherayp afterwards and various aspects of melanomas were examined.

Aim: Radiotherapy plays a significant role in the management of head and neck cancers. However, mucositis and xerostomia are the most common side effects in curative treatment. The aim of this prospective, randomized study is to compare the efficacy of zinc sulphate and amifostine in preventation of radiation induced salivary gland damage in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients using quantitative salivary gland scintigraphy (QSGS). Patients and Methods: Thirty patients with HNC who had received radio±chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive either zinc sulfate or amifostine. All the patients were once a week during RT for oral mucositis using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Acute Radiation Morbidity Scoring criteria, and measurement of body weight. Before and 2 months after treatment, salivary gland scintigraphy was performed. Using the time–activity curves, changes in the maximum uptake (UR) and relative saliva excretion rate (ER) between pre- and post- treatment were calculated. The measurements were statistically compared using paired Mann-Whitney U test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: The protective effect of zinc sulphate on the salivary glands was similar to amifostine and there were no statistically significant difference in UR, ER results at QSGS, oral mucositis or weight loss between the two groups. Conclusion: The effectiveness of both support therapy was compared and there was no significant difference in efficacy. However, because of the cost difference, the use of the zinc sulphate can be an alternative to amifostine for prevention of xerostomia, oral mucositis and other toxic effects. Further studies with more patients and follow-up are suggested in this regard.

We analyzed the different parameters of the 95 cases with pulmonary carcinoma hospitalized in Chest De-partment of Süleyman Demirel University Medical Faculty rn June1995- July1998 years and we made a general evaluatiorı of the cases. Squamous cell carcinoma was present in 33.7%, adenocarcinoma in 25.3%, small carcinoma in 13.7%, large cell carcinoma in 2.1% and metastatic carcinoma in 8.4%. 16.9% of patients had na histapathologic diagnoses. Of these patients, 9.46% was in stage I, 13.51% was in stage Il, 18.92% was in stage II1A, 2702% was in stage I/IB and 31.08% was in stage IV. 81.05% of patients were smokers, when amount was considered, it was 50.70 packlyear for small cell carcinoma, 44.75 packlyear for metastatic lung cancer, 43.75 packlyear for squamous celf carcinoma and 38.00 packlyear for adenocarcinoma. When clinical findings were considered, cough (68.4%) and weight loss (63.4%) were seen most in patients. While central localization was seen 76.9% in small cell carcinoma, 62.5% in squamous cell carcirıoma; peripheric localization (71.0%) was seen mostly in adenocarcinoma. Parancimal infiltration was detected most often in squamous cell carcinorrıa (72%), soliter nodule in metastatic lung carcinoma (63%), neoplastic cavity in large cell carcinoma (50%), pleural effusion iri adenocarcinoma (46%) and mediastinal enlargement in small cell carcinoma (54%). Histopathologic diagnoses were detected by means of bronchoscopic biopsy and lavage (51.89%), sputum cytology (17.73%), pleural punc-Non and biopsy (17.73%) and transthoracal fine needle biopsy (12.65%).

Aim: To assess prospectively the role of resistive indicies (RI) in determining the response to radiotherapy by transvaginal color doppler ultrasound (TVCDUS) and to correlate the results with MRI findings. Material and Method: 13 patients with advanced stage (>stage IIA) cervical cancer evaluated by MRI of the pelvis and TVUS before and 6 months after radiotherapy treatment. The mean resistive indicies before and after daiotherapy were measured from the periphery and the center of the tumor and were compared. These values were further correlated with both MR findings and RI values of the control group. Results: B mode TVUS identified the mass of all patients before therapy. RI measured 0.20-0.82 (mean=0.52) and 0.70-0.99 (mean=0.81) before and after the radiotherapy respectively in 13 patients. 11 showed full response clinically and accordingly, MR showed no residual tumor. MR examination and US showed residual tumor in two patients. The increase in RI before and after the radiotherapy was statistically significant (p=0.001) in the full response group. RI did not increase in two patients with residua. The mean RI measured from the control group was 0.65 and was significantly higher than the RI of the patients measured before therapy. Conclusion: Spectral features of TVCDUS can be a good alternative in the follow up response of cervix carcinoma to therapy, since a significant correlation between MRI findings and RI measurements are found.

Eighty year old, male patient presented to our clinic with symptoms of difficult nose breathing, epistaxis and rarely hemoptysis. No abnormalities were seen during oral, anterior nasal and ear examination of the patient. A mass in the nasopharynx was observed during the fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopic examination. The patient was diagnosed as extramedullary plasmacytoma based on the deep biopsy from nasopharynx. Plasmacytomas are tumors of plasma cells, develop outside the bone marrow as solitary masses and they may be associated with multiple myeloma. Cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) in the head-neck area develops rarely. Malignant tumors of the nasopharynx are treated surgically and/or via radiotherapy. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are known to be radiosensitive, however, many authors recommend a combined therapy of surgery and radiotherapy. All the treatment options were explained to the patient, however, the patient did not accept surgery. Therefore, the patient was started on radiotherapy and no recurrences were observed during the twenty-nine-month follow-up period. More caution should be exercised for elderly patients presenting with nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and their nasopharynx as well as nasal cavity should be endoscopically assessed in detail.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women and second cancer leading death among cancer deaths in women (after lung cancer). Simultaneous bilateral breast cancer is seen 1-2% and metachronous 5-8%. Bilateral breast cancer has worse prognosis than unilateral breast cancer. Locoregional recurrences after mastectomy is often occure in bone, muscle, skin or subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall, and that was seen approximately until 2 years. In skin metastases; asymmetric nodules, eritematose rash, itching, bleeding, ulceration, symptoms and signs such as necrotic exuda can be seen. Breast cancer treatment should be made by a multidisciplinary team. Radiotherapy in these patients are curative or palliative. In this case, we aimed to show the effectiveness of the electron beam in modern radiotherapy.

Colorectal cancer remains a significant health problem today. In parallel to the developments in the field of surgery, improvements in adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment modalities lead to increase in both local control and overall survival times. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the current treatment options of rectal cancer with literature data. Surgery is an essential treatment option for rectal cancer. Treatment success for rectal cancer has been increasing by the help of neoadjuvant (preoperative) or adjuvant (postoperative) modalities. According to the recent studies, preoperative (chemo) radiation therapy is superior to postoperative treatment in terms of local control and sphincter preservation. However, there is not enough data regarding to the difference between the efficacy of shortterm preoperative radiotherapy and long-term chemoradiotherapy. Today, for the treatment of rectum cancer, preoperative (chemo) radiotherapy is superior to postoperative (chemo) radiotherapy in terms of overall survival and local control. However, new prospective randomized trials should be designed to compare the short term and long term preoperative (chemo) radiotherapy.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the general characteristics, survival time and prognostic factors affecting the high grade glial tumor after radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Patients and Methods: Data of 166 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Included histopathologically confirmed cases were grade 3 anaplastic astrocytoma and grade 4 glioblastoma multiforme. Patients were treated with curative radiotherapy and simultaneous ± adjuvant Temozolamide. Results: 73% of the patients were male, 27% were female and the median age was 57 years. 21% were anaplastic astrocytomas, 79% were glioblastom multiforme. 40% of the patients were total, 49% of the patients were subtotally operated and 11% of the patients had only biopsy for diagnostic purposes. The median Karnofski performance score of the patients before radiotherapy was 90. 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy was applied to 37% of the patients, 63% of the patients were treated with intensity-adjusted radiotherapy technique. Simultaneous Temozolamide was administered with 92% of patients’ radiotherapy. The median follow-up time was 15 months. Overall survival rates were 82 months for anaplastic astrocytoma and 15.5 months for glioblastome multiforme (p <0.001). Overall survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 77%, 59%, and 55% for anaplastic astrocytoma and 59%, 33%, and 4% for glioblastome multiforme, respectively. Median overall survival in patients aged <50 years was 39.3 months, while age ≥50 years was 12.4 months (p <0.001). Overall survival according to operation pattern was 33.2 months in total exposures, 13.8 months in subtotal resections, and 4.9 months in biopsies (p = 0.00). Overall survival was 8.1 months with a performance of <70, while overall survival was 22.3 22.3 months with ≥70 (p = 0.00). Overall survival was 12.9 months in patients who underwent three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and 21.5 months in patients undergoing intensity-adjusted radiotherapy (p = 0.005). Overall survival was 7.8 months when applied to radiotherapy dose <60 Gy and 21.7 months when given 60 Gy (p = 0.00). Median survival was 18.4 months and 7.2 months, respectively, using concurrent Temozolamide (p = 0.03). Conclusion: In conclusion, the patient’s diagnosis, age, operative form, performance, radiotherapy dose, chemotherapy usage and survival were positive and our results are compatible with the literature.

Medical interventions to the patients from whom healing expectations (with the current technological and scientific data) were considered to be lost are being ethically discussed about the benefit and loss to the patient. When it is about the limited sources of the country, particularly like the intensive care units, it becomes an administrative issue. In this study we evaluated the patients in the terminal phase of their diseases with no expectancy of healing, hospitalized in the medical intensive care unit (ICU)of our university hospital. Thirteen terminal phase patients out of 73 patients hospitalized between 25 October 2010 and 30 April 2011 were evaluated retrospectively in ICU. Eleven of the patients had oncological disease (6 lung cancers and 5 other organ cancers). These patients had widespread metastases not responding to therapy. Tree of the other patients had ejection fraction lower than 15% following myocardial infarction with no chance for transplantation due to low health status, one had advanced respiratory muscle involvement due to muscular dystrophy, the another had intersitisyel lung diseases with severe respiratory failure, the other had liver cirrhosis with multiple complications. Fifteen patients died in the intensive care unit, whereas two patient was discharged with home mechanical ventilator support. Medical cost of the patients was 208.200,640/TL. They were hospitalized for 233 bed/days. The number of beds occupied by these terminal phase patients in this period were considered to be high. Foundation of palliative care units or hospice service with necessary law evaluations, is very useful and important not only for optimal use of limited financial sources but also for comfort of patient and relatives.

Aim: In the present study, the aim is to determine whether centromere protein H (CENPH) gene expression levels change in prostate carcinoma (PCa).
Materials and Methods: Prostate tissue sample of 40 patients with primary prostate cancer was used in the study. Hence, transcriptional analysis of the CENPH gene was conducted in the total paraffin embedded prostate tissues extracted from patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. The expression analyses were obtained from the comparison of the expressions within the tumoral and non-tumoral areas in the prostate tissue of the same patient.
Results: Separate RNA isolation was performed. Subsequent qRT-PCR analyzes were repeated three times and quality controls of the Ct values were performed on the obtained data. The Ct values of the expression of the housekeeping gene GAPDH and the target gene CENPH gene were compared in tissue (tumor and normal) and technical repeat groups. There was no statistically significant difference in CENPH gene expression between tumor and normal tissue specimens in prostate cancer. Moreover, on investigating the causes of death, in none of the patients PCa related death was determined. 
Conclusion: In our study, we could not find any relationship with prostate cancer tumorogenesis in CENPH gene expression anomalies. However, some cancers (non-small cell lung cancer, colon cancer, etc) with high CENPH gene expression are associated with tumor aggressiveness, poor prognosis and drugresistance. More studies are needed on CENPH gene expression and its effect on prostate cancer.

Castleman’s disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology exactly. Although the disease most commonly appears in the mediastinal lymph nodes, it can be occur in cervical, retroperitoneal, axillary and other regions lymph nodes. There is no gender predominance and often occurs in young adults. Two histological variants as hyaline-vascular and plasma cell type have been described. Clinically it is also divided in two types: a localized type, which is usually asymtomatic and presented as a mass or swelling. Systemic (multicentric) type is characterized nonspecific symptoms such as fever, anaemia, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly Complete surgical excision is curative for localized form. Although systemic type is usually treated with radiation therapy, corticosteroids and chemotherapy, there is no certain treatment. We herein reported a neck mass diagnosed as hyaline vascular type Castleman’s disease.

Mediastinoscopy is a widely used technique in the diagnosis of staging of lung cancer and primary and secondary mediastinal disease. İt was reported that mediastinoscopy was greater than sensitivity of %75 and specificity of % 90. We retrospectively revievved 24 mediastinoscopy performed in our clinic betvveen January 1999 and December 2002. There were 17 men and 7 women aged from 24 to 77 (mean age 57 years ) and the duration of operation was 30- 60 minutes. Eight patients had mediastinoscopy for the staging of lung cancer and sixteen patients for diagnosis of mediastinal mass. İn 3 of 8 patients N2 and N3 disease was identified. İt was suggested that these patients were inoperable. İn six- teen patients with mediastinal disease, sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 5 patients, non small celi lung cancer in 4 patients, tuberculosis in 4 patients, lymphoma in one patient, lung fibrosis and reactive lymph nodes in two patients. There were no complications and mortality in our cases. We conclude that mediastinoscopy is highly effective and safe procedure in the diagnosis of mediastinal diseases and staging of the lung cancers.

Colon and rectum cancer, is called for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer, is a major health problem especially of developed western countries. The prevalence in U.S., Canada, Britain France, Germany varies between 40-60 per thousand faces. In the United States per year is approximately 150.000, in Europe, 170,000 ,a million new cases are seen all in the world. The prevalence of new cases of cancer in the U.S. in the third place receives 11%, while in European countries after lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death (1).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytologic and histopathologic results of sputum, bronchial lavage fluid, and biopsy materials and to compare their diagnostic Utilities especially in the patiets with malignity. Sputum and bronchial lavage cytologies and bronchial biopsies send to the pathology department of medical faculty between January 1996 and December 2000 were reevaluated by archive scanning. Malign lung cytologies and biopsies were compared with each other, as well as diagnostic distribution of cytology. Of the 1140 sputum cytology mate­ rial, 8.7% had malignant diagnosis. For the patient having single sputum specimen, the rate of malign diagnosis was 2.2%, and for those multipl sputum specimens 18.1%>. Of the 283 bronchial lavage material, 8.6% had malig­ nant diagnosis. The rates of malignant diagnosis were 6.8% and 24.2% for the patient having single lavage spec­ imen and multipl specimens respectively. The number of the patient with negative malignity for biopsy and posi­ tive malignity for sputum was 31 and similaly lavage positive and biopsy negative was 10. Cytologic diagnoses were negative in 41 of the 63 patients who having both each material (sputum, lavage biopsy) and diagnosed with biopsies. İn this patients when sputum and bronchial lavage are evaluated with together the rate of positive diag­ nosis was 34.9°/o, for sputum it self 30.2%> and for bronchial lavage 17.5%>. İn the 185 patient considered to have malignity positive results were obtained in the rates of 62.7%, 29.8%, 11.49% and 84.9% for biopsy, sputum, lavage and ali, respectively. As conclusion, repeated sputum cytologies increases the rate of positive diagnosis as much as 8 times, and bronchial lavage 3.5 times. Positive diagnoses will significantly increases if three diagnos­ tic methods are evaluated with together (p<0.001). İn the case of biopsy failure, the diagnostic importance sputum and bronchial lavage is further increasing.

Radiotherapy or radiochemotherpy as applied to 152 patients with locally advanced bladder cancer following transurethral tumor resection. Complete response rate was 71%, the 5- year survival 65%. The success of the initial transurethral resection was found to be the most important factor the 5-year sur-vival. Organ sparing radiotherapy/ radiochemotherapy is in the treatment of bladder cancer at least an equ-ally efficient method like radical cystectomy and should be the method of choice.

Primary angiosarcoma of breast is a rarely seen tumor type. İt considered that tumor is developing from the pe- rilobular capillary netvvork. İt metastased with hemotagen pathvvay in early State ıt shows a poor prognosis. Fourty years old woman. Left breast mass and axillary lymphadenopathy presenced in physical examination. Biopsy was reported primer angiosarcoma of the breast. After the modified radical mastectomy, adjuvant chemotheraphy and radiotheraphy was performed. Patient was tost inpostoperative 12th month with lung and bone metastasis.

Mitochondrial disease usually occur as a result at mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nucleer DNA (nDNA) mutations.Findigs in mitochondrial myopathy are often limited with skeletel muscle symptoms, slowly progresive muscle weaknes at extremites and oftalmoplegy due to extaoculer muscle weaknes are common. Muscle weaknes is prominent in the proximal muscles but distal muscle involvement is propable. In this article, we present a patient diagnosed as adult onset mitochondrial myopathy with slow progress in 10 years , regged red fibers in muscle biopsy and ısolated muscle ınvolvement

Tumors In This study, anti-HCV seropozitivity was inves-tigated in 46 new diagnosed patients with different solid tumors without hepatocelluler carcinoma, which they have not received any transfusion or sur-gical operation. The positivity was evaluated using by second generation ELISA system. Patients are consist of 14 lung cancer (Ca), 7 lymphoma, 5 breast Ca, 5 hipernephroma and 15 other tumors. Anti-HCV positivity was in 5 (10.8%) of 46 pa-tients, and 4 of this positive patients were with lung Ca (4114,28.5%), and 1 was with brain Ca (113). ALT levels were normal, serum iron and iron-binding capacily were decrased in all patients, hae-moglobin and haemotocrit were also decreased in 73.9% of patients. In addition, 3 patients (6.5%) HBsAg, 21 patients (45.6%) anti HBc were found to be positive. As a result, the high positivity of anti-HBc while the HBsAg was low positive showed that there was IIBV infection, and the HCV infecton was alsa expected with the same transmission ways. Anti-HCV positivity as a marker of HCV infection-which can produce the chronic carrier state is more expected in cancer patients. They have allected immun status than normal population, but 4 of 5 posi-tivity was in Lung Ca patients is of great interest.

Purpose: It was aimed to present the clinical and functional results of the patients who underwent tumor resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction due to malignant tumor around the elbow.

Methods: 14 patients who underwent tumor resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction due to malignant tumor in the elbow circumference between 2011-2018 in our clinic were included in the study. While 4 of the patients were primary tumors (1 fibromixoid sarcoma, 1 leimyosarcoma, 1 multiple myeloma and 1 ewing sarcoma), 10 were distant organ metastases (4 breast cancer, 3 lung cancer, 1 stomach cancer, 1 renal cell cancer and 1 thyroid cancer). Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) score and Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) and survival were evaluated.

Results: The minimum follow-up period of the patients was 7 months, and the maximum follow-up period was 55 months. The mean MEPS score of the patients was 67.5 ± 12.0 (range, 45-90), and the mean of the MSTS score was 19.4 ± 2.3 (range, 16-24). Recurrence occurred at follow-up in 3 patients and exitus at follow-up in 7 patients. In this study, the median survival time of the patients was 44 months. The 1-year survival rate was 70.1% while the 3-year survival rate was 54.5%.

Conclusion: Pain and functional results are satisfactory in patients who undergo tumor resection and endoprosthetic reconstruction due to malignant tumor around the elbow. In the future, studies with larger patient series are needed.

Eosinophilic granuloma is a clinical variant of histiocytosis - X. There are solitary or multiple le-sions on the bones due to histiocytic proliferation. The lesions are rarely located in the temporal re-gion. The tumor is asymptomatic at the onset. We present a case whose lesion is located on the temporoparietal area. The case is followed after the operation without chernotherapy and radiotherapy.