Makale Arama

VSD is the most common cardiac malformation among congenital cardiac diseases and ocur in 3-6 in 1000 live births. The pattern of this defect may vary from a minor hole in the muscular septum, with a tendency to spontaneous closure, to complicated lesions requiring heart surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively long-term follow-up results and prognosis of pediatric patients with isolated VSD. The study was conducted in Selçuk University Medicine Faculty Pediatric Cardiology Department between July 2010 and February 2013. The echocardiography results of the patients with isolated VSD have been examined retrospectively. Among the included patients, % 71.52 of cases were perimembranous (n=103), % 40.6 of cases were muscular (n=80) and % 9.72 of cases were multipl VSD (n=14). Spontaneous closure rate was % 52.4 (n=54). % 22.3 of the cases required surgical closure because of heart failure. % 43.4 of the cases that requıred surgical closure were perimembranous VSD defects. VSD is the most common malformation of congenital cardiac diseases and can lead to heart failure by left to right shunt. And also the incidence of endocarditis in these patients has increased so the follow-up of the patients is significant.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus(RSV) is a fi-equent cause of respiratory tract infections in children. In this study. the serological response ta respiratory Syncytial Virus in 126 pediatric patients with lower respiratory infection was investigated hy 1ndirect immunolltıorescence Antibody(IFA) technique for spesific Ig M and 1g G. RSV- Ig M and RSV- 1g G antihodies vere detected in 44.44% and 56.34% of the hlood samples, respectively.

Gastrointestinal procedures are the most frequent ones in outpatient anesthesia applications which increase day by day. However pediatric cases are rare. Out patient anesthesia applications, especially in pediatrik patients, are more difficult and so it is important to use guidelines in this manner. In this article our anesthetic experience in a endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography applied on a pediatric patient is reported with literature review.

The aim of this study was to research the relationship between the difference in carotid intima media thickness and paraoxonase (PON1) in beta-thalassaemia major (BTM) children. We recruited fifty BTM patients (7.2±5.3 years, 34 boys and 16 girls) and 35 controls (7.9± 2.1 years, 23 boys and 12 girls) consecutively. In all subjects, serum PON1 activity and CIMT were measured. Mean CIMT was significantly increased in BTM patients relative to controls (P

Intake of high doses of calcium channel blocker can cause serious clinical consequences and death. A child patient at 13 years old was admitted to the intensive care unit because of significant hypotension due to high-dose amlodipine and valsartan+hydrochlorothiazide intake aiming commit suicide. The patient successfully treated with fluid, calcium gluconate, dopamine, dobutamine in addition to insulin and glucose was discharged from intensive care unit after eight days healthy by preventing development of further complications.

Aim: Diarrhea is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in childhood, especially in developing countries. Dehydration related to diarrhea can be mortal if it could not be prevented. Mothers play important role in preventing children from diarrhea and replacing fluid and elect rolytes before the dehydration. Material and Method: Information levels of the mothers about diarrhea and oral rehydration solution were extracted from an questionnaire form. The results of the questionnaire were investigated according to socioeconomic, educational levels of the mothers. Results: In the study, 250 mothers’ answers (ages varied 17 to 50-years-old, median; 32-years-old) were evaluated. Seventy-seven (30.8%) of the mothers were from upper-socioeconomic-class 98(39.2%) were from middle-socioeconomic-class, and 75 (30%)were from lower-socioeconomic-class. Approximately, half of the mothers were graduated from primary school. 190 (76%) of mothers pointed out that diarrhea is a mortal disease and the most common protection practice is to be aware of hygiene, whereas 26.8% of the participants remarked that they did not have any idea for protection from diarrhea. The most common method that the mothers choose when their children had diarrhea was juicy drinks (55.6%), and application to medical center (24.4%). 93.6% of the mothers remarked that they should increased intake of juicy drinks and 88.4% remarked that they did not stop breast feedings when their children had diarrhea. Oral rehydration solution was known by 76.4% of the participants, and this knowledge had been achieved from a medical center (42%) and broadcast media (18.8%). Seven of the mothers (2.8%) had a history of child death related to diarrhea. Conclusion: Since diarrhea still remains one of the most common causes of mortality in childhood in the twenty-first century, the mothers must be instructed, and much time must be allowed in primary medical center and media for education about diarrhea. Unlabored achievement to oral rehidration solution must be provided for the parents.

In 0-72 months aging children with early childhood caries, general anesthesia is often preferred due to the following reasons; the non-cooperation based on age, anxiety development during the dental procedures and long treatment sessions. It is known that early childhood caries have a significant impact on the quality of life of child patients’ and their families’. In the assessment of quality of life scores, different questionnaires were developed for children and their parents. Today, Parental Perception Questionnaire and Family Impact Scale, which are composed of two parts including Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, is used for children under 6 years old age. This study included 158 patients who received comprehensive oral rehabilitation under general anesthesia in Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and their parents. Demographic information and dmft values of the patients were recorded before the procedure. Parents were asked to complete the relevant questionnaire at the beginning of the procedure and at the 2nd and 4th weeks following the procedure. The data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS program. It was considered that if the effect size was greater than 0.7, a major change occurring in the data exchange. A statistically significant decrease in all values was observed after the treatments performed under the general anesthesia. The greatest reduction was found in the oral symptoms and functional status of the child. In conclusion, dental procedures performed under general anesthesia in children with early childhood caries appear to have a positive impact on the quality of life of patients and their families.

To determine the seropositivity ratios of hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C in pregnant women living in Kocaeli region. Three thousand seven hundred and fifty-six pregnant women who applied to Izmit Women and Child Health Hospital for delivery (vaginal delivery, cesarean) were included in this retrospective study. HBsAg, AntiHBs, Anti-HCV and Anti-HIV were detected by macro ELISA system in all pregnant women. Data were analysed with the SPSS statistical programme. Seropositivity of HBs-Ag, Anti-HBs and Anti-HCV were detected 2.2%, 3.7% and 0.3% respectively in pregnant. There were no pregnant women who have seropositivity with Anti-HIV. The results detected for seropositivity of hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C in Kocaeli region are similar to those found in other regions of Turkey.

It is not possible to determine dysrhythmias at any time, because those may occur briefly and unpredictably throughout the day. Transtelephonic electrocardiography (TTE) allows arrival to the hospital by the phone line dysrhythmia at the time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of TTE in the diagnosis and treatment of dysrhythmias, especially seen intermittently, in pediatric patients. We retrospectively evaluated records of 121 children, followed-up in Pediatric Cardiology Unit between May 2003 and May 2006. The patients were age of between 4 months to 18 years (median age 12 ± 4.4 years). The most common presenting symptoms were palpitation (42.1%), chest pain (15.7%), palpitation together with chest pain (6.6%), syncope (5%), easy fatigability (5%) and also the research of drug efficiency (3.3%). The dysrhythmia findings were determined on TTE in 21 of 110 cases whose standard electrocardiographies were normal. On TTE, supraventricular tachycardia was observed in three of 25 patients with normal HM. The dysrhythmia was detected in 24% of TTE records (supraventricular extrasystoles, ventricular extrasystoles, sinusal tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, sinus pause, Mobitz type I atrioventricular block were detected in 11, 7, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 1 cases, respectively). Four patients were using drugs (verapamil in 3 and propranolol in 1) before TTE recordings. According to the TTE records, medical treatments were started in 10 patients with previously untreated (verapamil in 5, propranolol in 3, digoxin in 1 and also amiodarone in 1). Eventually, we suggest that HM is a usefull, reliable and non-invasive diagnostic method for the detection of dysrhythmias in patients with dysrhythmia suggestive symptoms and normal ECG. Additionally, TTE should be used in follow-up and treatment of the patients with some dysrhythmias, even undetectable with HM.

14.941 patients applied for the Emergency Service of Department of the Medical Faculty of the Selçuk University betvveen 1st January 1998 and 31 st December 1998 Infection diseases were the most common problem, ac- counting 23% of ali upper respiratory infection diseases and accounted 48.4% of ali infection diseases. 52% percent of the children admitted to the emergency service were real cases and 11% percent of the children vvere those who vvere supposed to be real cases and 37 % percent the children vvere not real cases. Patients vvere mostly admitted to the emergency clinic in winter, especially in January and betvveen 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. According to their age levels, They were mostly betvveen at the age level of 5-12 years. If Emergency Medicine Services can be well organised and extended in our country vvhose half of population is children, the Standard of quality in the Units of Children Emergency will be increased.

This study included 102 leukemic and lympho,rıa patients tit ho were ıreated in Internal Medicine pediatric Clinic of Selçuk University Medical Faculty and Ilematology Clinic of İbn-İ Sina Hospital of Ankara University. CMV-IgM and 1gG antibodies were investigated with the enzyrne-linked immunosorbent assay (ELİSA) rnethod on the blood saınples, The serologic examinations were made in Alicrobiology ELİSA taboratory of Selçuk University Medical Faculty. The finding.s- in 69 leukernic and 33 iyınphoma patients compared tere control group. CA1V-IgM seropositivity was found in 7 lebtkernic palienis (10.15%) and 1 lyınphoırıa patienı (3,03%). CMV-1gG seropositivity waz found in 35 leukeınic patients (50,72%) and 13 lymphoına patients (39,39%). CMV-IgM sero-positivily of control group was found in 1 patient (2';;> and CMV-1gC sepropositivity was found in 25 patients (50%, seropositivity wa? Pyr,nd in 2 paıienis (6.25[70) and CMV-IgG in 13 pa-tients (40.63%) 'vere not (reale(' with cyto(atic ::-1ceıno0;crapy. scropositivily was

236 (5.2%)nosocomial infections were detected in 4468 patients hospitalised in our newborn unit in Medical Fa- culty, Selçuk University between 1992 and 1996. 169 (71.6 %) of the infections detected were in prematüre ba- bies while 67 (28.4%) of them in mature babies and that numbers corresponded 11.5 percent and 2.2 res- pectively. The most common infection was sepsis (73.1%) and others such as menengitis (19.3%), pneumonia (3.4%) and others (4.2%) followed it. At least one microorganism growed in 32 (13.5%)specimens obtained from various body fluids. 9 (28.1%) of the miroorganisms were Klebsiella spp. and 8 (25.0%) of were E.coli Mortality rates of the infections were 87.5% for pneumonia, 61.5% for sepsis, 8.7% for menengitis and 60.0% for others, which corresponded an average mortality rate of 51.6 %.

This study included 102 leukemic and lymphoma patients who were treated in internal Medicine Clinic, pediatric Clinic of Selçuk University and Ileınatolog,y Clinic of İbn-i sina Hospital of Ankara University. toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies were investigated with the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISI%) ınethod on the blood saınples. The serologic examination was made in Micro-biology ELISA laboratory of Selçuk University. The findings in 69 leukemic and 33 lymphorna pa-tients cornpared with the control group. toxoplasma IgM seropositivity was found in 3 leukemic patients (4.35%) and 2 lyrrıphorna patients (6.06%). Toxoplasma IgG seropositivity was found in 34 leukeınic patients (49.28%) and 14 lyrrıphorna patients (42.42%). Toxoplasma IgG seropositivity of control group was found in 24 patients (46%). Alt control pers-ons were seronegative for toxoplasma IgM antibody. Toxoplasına 1gM seropositiVity was found in 1 patients (3.13%) and IgG in 14 pa-tients (43.75%) who were not treated with cylostatie chemodıerapy, toxoplasma IgM seropositivity was found in 4 patients (5.71%) and IgG in 34 patients (48.57%) in the patients who were treated

26 children who had displaced Supracondylar fractures of the humerus were treated by open reduction and crossed Kirschner-wire fixation. There was one superficial infection and there were there cubitis varus deformity (% 14). The other specific complications (Such as mvositis ossifikans, Volkmann's contracture, neurovascular injury) were not encountered.

26 children who had displaced Supracondylar fractures of the humerus were treated by open reduction and crossed Kirschnerwire fixation. There was one superficial infection and there were there cubitis varus deformity (% 14). The other specific complications (Such as mvositis ossifikans, Volkmann's contracture, neurovascular injury) were not encountered.

Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ratio of hepatitis A seropositivity in patients who applied to the outpatient clinics of of Pediatrics in Meram Medical Faculty of Selcuk University. Material and Method: 345 patients who applied to our outpatient clinics between December 2005 and June 2006 were included in the study. These children were divided into three groups as 2-6, 7-11 and 12-16 years, respectively. AntiHAV Ig M and Ig G were studied in all patients using ELISA method. The statistical analysis of the results was evaluated according to SPSS 10.0 program. Results: Positivity of anti-HAV Ig M and Ig G were found as 1.4 % and 28.7 %, respectively. When compared, hepatitis A seropositivity was significantly higher in children of school age than children under school age. Conclusion: Because hepatitis A seropositivity in children increases significantly with school age, vaccination should be recommended before school age.

A maIe child who had a skeletal and cardiovascular anomaly relaled with Synrome and esotropia was presented. On !his palient following symptoms were observed; bilaterally hypoplasique arm, 3 fingers on the right and 4 flngers on the left hand, arrioseptal defect and on the. eye 35 prisin diopri esoıropia, in the pedigri, tl was stated that was a first mutation occurred in mother.

Chest pain is a common complaint in children. It doesn’t usually indicate a cardiac problem but it is considered as heartache by the patients and their families. In this article, the patients with chest pain in pediatric cardiology clinic for the last 18 months have been evaluated and the etiology of chest pain has been discussed. The study includes 441 patients with chest pain, who were admitted to the Department of pediatrics, Division of pediatric cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University between May 2011 and November 2012. The data of the patients has been reviewed retrospectively. Medical history and family history of the patients, cardiac physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, 24-hour rhythm holter monitoring, exercise testing and laboratory tests have been evaluated. In our study the mean age of the patients was 11 (5-18 year-old). 217 (49.2%) of the patients were male and 224 (50.8%) of the patients were female. Medical history, physical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography of all the patients have been evaluated. Cardiac pathology has been recognized in 10 (2.3%) of the patients. The reasons that cause chest pain are idiopathic in 378 (85.7%) patients, psychological in 22 (5%) patients, lung diseases in 20 (4.5%) patients, gastrointestinal disorders in 6 (1.4%) patients, musculoskeletal system diseases in 3 (0.7%) patients, Familial Mediterranean Fever in 1 (0.2%) patient and pectus excavatum in 1 (0.2%) patient. According to this study, the etiology of chest pain in children is extra cardiac factors in majority. Differential diagnosis should be made carefully due to possibility of life threatening consequences of cardiac disorders. If there is no cardiac pathology as a result of medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests the patient and the family should be informed about this.

Ocular findings in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1) and tuberous sclerosis (TS) are presented. The study was conducted prospectively and comprised 31children who were referred from pediatric neurology clinic to the ophthalmology clinic. Sixteen of 22 patients with NF1 (72.7%) were male and 6 (27.3%) were female and the mean age was 9.9 ± 4.2 (3-16 years). Two of 9 patients with TS (22.2%) were male and 7 (77.8%) were female, the mean age was 5.5 ± 3.6 (1.5-12 years). Twenty of children with NF1 had cooperation to the snellen chart, the mean visual acuity of the right and left eye were 0.93 ± 0.14 (0.4-1.0) and 0.94 ± 0.14 (0.4-1.0), whereas the mean visual acuity of 7 patients with TS was 0.84 ± 0.22 (0.4-1.0) at the right and 0.85 ± 0.19 (0.5-1.0) at the left eyes. Percentages of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in children with NF 1 were 40.9%, 4.5% and 18.1%, respectively. Percentages of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism in children with TS were 11.1%, 22.2% and 11.1%, respectively. In a NF 1 patient with keratoconus, his visual acuity was 0.4. Also another patient with TS had diminished visual acuity of 0.4 at the right eye and 0.5 at the left eye because of hyperopic astigmatism. Iris Lisch nodules were detected in 14 (63.6%) of children with NF 1. Five cases (22.7%) had bilateral optic glioma, the mean age was 7.6 (3-15 years). All tumors were located at intraorbital and the patients were asymptomatic. Except optic glioma, it was found out that one patient (4.5%) had bilateral myelinated nerve fibers and the other one (4.5%) had bilateral optic atrophy due to previous neurosurgery. Sectorial iris hypopigmentation was determined in one (11.1%) of nine children with TS. Detailed ophthalmic examination has a great importance in patients with TS and NF 1 because of ocular findings which are commonly seen. Patients should be evaluated by ophthalmologists in terms of refractive error and optic glioma.

Aim: Hepatitis B virus infection is a very important health problem in our country. In this regard, we evaluated the children who were inspected in our outpatient clinics for Hepatitis B virus seropositivity. We aimed to join the children who were seronegative in the immunization program. Material and method: A total of 297 children between the ages of 3 months and 18 years who were inspected in the General Pediatric Outpatient Clinics of Meram Medical Faculty except for jaundice between July 2005 and December 2005 were evaluated. The children were divided into two groups as 3 months-7years and 8-18 years. After getting permission from parents, 3 cc venous blood samples were collected from all of the children. The serological markers of Hepatitis B virus were studied by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method in the microbiology laboratories of Meram Medical Faculty. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 10.0 program. Results: Anti-HBs positivity were found in 143 ( 48,1 %) of 297 children. One hundred seventeen (81,8 %) of those children were vaccinated while 26 (17,5 %) of them had experienced the infection. Five children (%1,6) had HBsAg positivity. The ratios of children who were vaccinated were 66,4 % in 3 months-7years group and 11,0 % in 8-18 years group, respectively. The ratio of children who were vaccinated was 39,3 % in all children. Conclusion: Although Hepatitis B vaccination is a part of our National Immunization Program, the seropositivity of our region is not as much as it is expected. In this study, we found that the people in our region are not well-informed about the necessity of vaccination against Hepatitis B virus infection, and attention is called to the importance of our job in this point.

Aim of the recent study is to evaluate the relationship between endometrial sampling indications and histopathological results. Four hundred women who applied to Izmit Maternity and Child Health Hospital, and had endometrial sampling in 2011 were included in this retrospective study. Data was retrieved from patient’s files and pathology archives. Patients were grouped as menometrorrhagia, postmenopausal bleeding, pre-hysterectomy for myoma uteri and cervical polyp. Data was analyzed with a statistical processing program (SPSS). The mean age was 46.4±8.3 years. Indications of endometrial sampling were menometrorrhagia (62.3%), postmenopausal bleeding (22 %), pre-hysterectomy for myoma uteri (9.5%) and cervical polyp (6.2%), respectively. Of all the cases, 139 (55.8%) had menometrorrhagia with proliferative/secretory endometrium, 23 (9.2%) had endometrial hyperplasia and 1 (0.4%) had endometrial cancer for diagnosis. However, in postmenopausal bleeding group, 48 (54.5%) had atrophic endometrium, and 6 cases (6.8%) were diagnosed for endometrial adenocarcinoma. In prehsyterectomy for myoma uteri, 27 (71%) had proliferative/secretory endometrium, and no adenocancer was diagnosed. In cervical polyp group, 10 cases (40%) had endometrial polyps for diagnosis. General speaking, endometrial sampling should be applied in cases with postmenopausal bleeding and cervical polyps, but a more selective treat should be conducted in cases with menometrorrhagia and prehysterectomy for myoma uteri

Febrile seizures are seizures that occur in febrile children between the ages of 6and 60 months who do not have an intracranial infection, or history of afebrile seizures. In this study, the children’s demographic and clinical characteristics who had hospitalized for febrile seizures in Antalya Education and Research Hospital (AEAH) were reviewed. 56 children’s demographic and clinical characteristics who had hospitalized for febrile seizures between September 2011- January 2012 in AEAH were analysed retrospectively. Analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 version. 23 patients (41.1%) were male, 33 (58.9%) were female , mean age was 26.8 months, mean duration of hospitalized days were 3.5 days. Fever source was upper respiratory tract infection in 44 (78.6%) patients, lower respiratory tract infection in 6 (10.7%), acute otitis media in 2 (3.6%), urinary tract infection in 1 (1.8%), acute gastroenteritis in 1 (1.8%), hand–foot-mouth disease in 1 (1.8%), roseola infantum in 1 (1.8%) patient. Lumbar punction was done in 2 (3.6%) patients, one of them had aseptic menengitis and other had normally cerebrospinal fluid findings. 34 (60.7%) patients had first attack, 12 (21.4%) had second, 5 (8.9%) had third and 5 (8.9%) had more than three attacks. 4 (7.1%) patient’s seizures who had first febrile attack occured more than once in a 24 hour period. 4 (7.1%) patients had complex febrile seizures, 1 (1.8%) patient had febrile status epilepticus. These results suggest that most febrile seizures are simple, good prognosis and mostly causes of fever is upper respiratory tract infection.

Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue tumour of indeterminate differentiation usually occurring in children and young adults with low rate of metastasis and recurrence. AFH continues to be revised with various studies reporting recurrences but up till now, the diagnostic criterion remains unclear with pathologists relying mainly on Enzinger’s description and immunohistochemistry. Adding to the fact that it is a rare tumour, diagnosis usually is delayed. We present a case of a 10 year old male with AFH with atypical histology, immunoprofile and genetic testing. Opinions were sought from Heidelberg hospital Germany and Children Hospital of Philadelphia which had contrasting views regarding the diagnosis, which was finally confirmed by Brigham and Women’s hospital, Boston. We review literature and discuss the possible differential diagnosis.

Amaç: Çocukluk döneminde Epstein-Barr virüsüne (EBV) nedenli enfeksiyöz mononükleoz olguları yüksek sıklıkta görülmektedir. Akut EBV enfeksiyonu belirti ve bulguları farklı klinik tablolarla kendini gösterebilmektedir. Çalışmamızda çocuklar arasında yaş ve yüksek riskli yaş gruplarına göre akut EBV enfeksiyonlarının klinik sunumunun incelenmesi amaçlandı.

Aim: In childhood, infectious mononucleosis cases caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are seen with high frequency. The signs and symptoms of acute EBV infection can manifest with different clinical pictures. Care should be taken in differential diagnosis for correct treatment. In our study, it was aimed to examine the clinical presentation of acute EBV infections by age and high-risk age groups among children.

Patients and Methods: A total of 337 pediatric patients with infectious mononucleosis who applied to our tertiary hospital in 2013-2020 were included in the study. EBV VCA IgM and IgG antibodies were studied by ELISA method (quantitative microplate ELISA, Euroimmun®, Germany) in accordance with company recommendations. Patient information and results were evaluated retrospectively.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 5.1 ± 3.4 years. 22.8% of the patients were in the group of 0-2, 43.0% of them were 3-5, 29.7% of them were 6-12, and 4.5% of them were 12 years old and above. The most common signs or symptoms in children diagnosed with acute EBV infection were lymphadenopathy (59.6%), lymphocytosis (45.1%), fever (40.9%), swelling in the throat (39.2%) and pharyngitis (30.0%). Fever complaints were significantly higher between the ages of 3-5 compared to other age groups. The seasonal distribution of the cases was similar. It was determined that the cases increased over the years and the most cases were seen in 2019 (23.4%). It was observed that the time between the start of complaints and the application to the hospital increased directly proportional to age groups.

Conclusion: In our study, it was concluded that there was no difference in acute EBV infection in childhood age groups in terms of signs and symptoms, and the number of cases increased slightly over the years, especially in children with lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly.

This study was iınplemented on patients' parents or relatives who brought their children to the Polyc-clinic of Departmant of Pediatrics in Faculty of Me-dicine, Selçuk University between 18 and 22nd of November 1991. 1n this study it was observed that only 17 percent of patients had applied for tertiarv care wlüle 71 percent of diem had came for primarv care. Patients applying for tertiary care were usually brought to the hospital by their fathers and male pa-tients more in number and relatively higher in 0-6 age group (p<0.05). It was also observed that number of patients, e.specially of those referred, decreased to-wards weekend (p>0.05) and parents were utilizing less health service in each level of care for their third and more childs (p>0.05). We believe that it will be more usefid for both community and health organi-zations ta make primary health care services more effective and such regulations, in which university hospitals, vvithoıtt taking care of patients social insu-rance guarantees, just can be used for tertiary health care services a step-by-step referral system.

Atrophic rhinitis is a rarely witnessed inflamatory and chronic infection characterized by the atrophy of nasal mucosa and conchas, nasal crusting with bad smell and the enlargement of the nasal space with paradoxical nasal congestion. Primary and secondary forms of atrophic rhinitis are well-established. While primary atrophic rhinitis occurs in a previously healthy nose, secondary form frequently occurs following extensive sinus surgery, nasal trauma and chronic granulomatos diseases. On the physical examination of the case during anterior rhinoscopy, common crut and purulent, yellowish-dark green discharge were determined in nasal cavity. Klebsiella ozaenae and Staphylococcus aureus in aerobic culture with automated bacteria identification and susceptibiltiy testing system (Phoenix 100) and Actinomyces naeslundii in anerobic culture were yielded. Klebsielle ozaenae was found to be resistant only to ampicillin and was susceptible all the other tested antibiotics, and expanded spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was negative. Staphylocccus aureus was found to be resistant to cefazolin, clindamycin, erythromycin, fucidic acid, meropenem, oxacillin, penicillin G and ampicillin. Actinomyces naeslundii was found to be resistant to metronidazole; susceptible to moxifloxacin and meropenem, with E-test method and beta lactamase test was negative. Presenting atrophic rhinitis in a 10-year-old male patient with clinical, microbiological and pathological features, the subject were discussed in the light of related literature.