Makale Arama

More than 90% of pnömoperitoneum occur as a result of gastrointestinal perforation. However, sometime spneumoperitoneum is not associated with visceral perforation. In this study, we aimed to introduce the four cases of idiopathic spontaneous pneumoperitoneum and to review the literature. Ages were between 58 and 83 years old and intra-abdominal free air was determined during the emergency room imaging applications with undetermined etiology. One patient was diagnosed with idiopathic spontaneous pömoperitoneum after medical follow-up, and the others were diagnosed after surgery. All patients were male and did not have any etiologic factors other than diagnosis of COPD to create pneumoperitoneum. A detailed history and physical examination findings may prevent unnecessary laparotomy for diagnosis spontaneous pnömoperitoneum. In spontaneous pnömoperitoneum patients, it is suggested that COPD history should be questioned if no other etyological factor was found.

The aim of our study was to determine serum asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), nitric oxide (NO) and arginine levels in patients with acute attack, stable and cor pulmonale Chronic Obstuctive Pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty five acute attack of COPD, twenty five stable of COPD, twenty five cor pulmonale subjects partipicated in this study. To be selected patients had to have no other diseases. The control group was formed by twenty five appearentely healthy people. ADMA and arginine levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatoghraphy with fluorecence detection. Serum nitrite/nitrate concentrations were determined using a commercial colorimetric assay. Patients of acute (p

Regionally to determine cigarette smoking level and affecting factors in a population is an important part of fighting with cigarette smoking. In this study we aimed to evaluate the smoking rates, the factors effecting on smoking and to learn the knowledges about quiting in patients who applied Iğdır Government Hospital Chest Diseaes Department. 721 patient , 426 male ( 59,1 %) and 295 female ( 40,9 %) were enrolled in the study who applied to our hospital between 1 December 2008- 2 February 2009. All patients filled the questionnaire by acting face to face. Demographic characteristics and smoking condition were asked in questionnaire forms. 102 (% 14.1) of the patients were never smoking, 514 (%71.3) of them were still smoking and 105 ( % 14.6) of them were quited. Smoking rates were increasing with education level in females (p

There are several methods exist to quit smoking. In this study it is aimed to evaluate the inconvenience and the methods which were used by people who have successfully gave-up smoking and who tried to quit but could not do so. Total 157 volunteers who have applied to 5 different primary health care facilities at Konya city center were involve in this descriptive study. t-test and Mann-Whitney-U test were used to evaluate the data. Of the study population 66 (42%) were successfully quitted smoking and 91 (58%) were tried but could not quit smoking. 18% of successfully quitters and 6.6% of non successful attempts were received professional support (p=.03). Only 27.3% of quitters and 10.6% of attempts were utilized any kind of method to quit smoking (p=.008). Receiving professional support and utilizing a reliable method aid to quit smoking.

Background

Hypertension (HT) is a controllable and preventable public health problem that is a risk factor for many serious diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension, which can be silent and lethal, can not be diagnosed in many people. HT constitutes a significant part of the daily practice of the primary care physician. Today, the Family Medicine is a medical discipline constitutes the first level of the health system in Turkey.

Aim

In our study, the effectiveness of family medicine practice in the diagnosis of arterial hypertension was investigated.

Material and Method

We retrospectively reviewed the data of the patients aged 18 years and older who had access to their data in our family medicine department between 2017-2018. A total of seven questions, including personal information (age, gender and education level) and disease identification information (how many years were diagnosed with hypertension, baseline symptom, where and how the diagnosis of hypertension was first established) were retrospectively reviewed from the Family Medicine Information System.

Results

A total of 286 patients, 178 female and 108 male were detected. 9% of the participants were illiterate while 94.1% were literate . 59.8% of the illiterate patients were in primary education, 10.5% in high school and 16.8% in graduate education. 7.7% of the participants were diagnosed in the family medicine polyclinic, and the remaining 92.3% were diagnosed in secondary health care facilities and other places except family medicine. According to education level, 7.7% were diagnosed in family medicine and 92.3% were diagnosed in second-level health facilities and elsewhere except family medicine.

Conclusion

In our study; patients with arterial hypertension were diagnosed more frequently in secondary health care institutions regardless of their education level. Although the rate of diagnosis of arterial hypertension was increased from 1.5% to 16.3% in primary care after starting the practice of family medicine in Konya, we believe that the role of family medicine practice on the diagnosis of arterial hypertension should be increased even more.

 

 

Aerosol glucocorticoids and bronchodilators are highly effective in the treatment of obstructive lung disease. Treatment failures can often be attributed to poor patient compliance or incorrect use of the inhaler. IVe surveyed the patients with chronic We showed that training in application associated with demonstration and subsequent exercise reduces the error ratio to a tolerable level in COPD patients.obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to assess their knovvledge of and ability to use four widely used inhaler devices; metered-dose inhaler, turbuhaler and diskus. Fourteen paitents with COPD were asked to demonstrate the use of each device using placebo inhalers. The inhalation technique was assessed in ten steps. Correct use was considered if 10 points were obtained. This study showed a high incidence of incorrect usage of inhalers amongst COPD patients.

\r\nAim: Diabetes is a serious health problem which has increased rapidly in recent years and causes numerous complications. Vitamin D levels may be a contributing factor to the glycemic control. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D levels and glycemic control in diabetic patients.

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\r\nMethods: 330 patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2, who were admitted to our outpatient clinic between September 2015 and June 2016, were included in the study. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the vitamin D levels; ≤20 ng / mL, between 20-30 ng / mL and ≥30 ng / mL. These groups were compared in terms of patients' socio-demographic characteristics, blood parameters, diabetes-related characteristics, and diabetes treatment. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the HbA1c levels;  ≤7% and  ≥7%. The same parameters and vitamin D values were compared between two groups. All data were recorded into the SPSS version 21. Participants' demographic datas, percentage and frequency values, were tabulated. A p value  of <0.05 was the limit for statistical significance. 

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\r\nResults: A total of 330 patients (51.2% females, mean age 53,79±10,2 years) with diabetes were interviewed. When evaluated in terms of body mass index, 13.9% (n = 46) were classified as normal, 34.5% (n = 114) were overweight and 51.5% (n = 170) were obese. When patients were divided into groups according to vitamin D levels, 286 (86.7%) patients with a vitamin D level below 20 ng / mL and 44 patients (13.3%) with a level above 20 ng / mL were detected. When patients were compared according to vitamin D levels, there was a negative correlation (-r = 0.357, p <0.001, -r = 0.344, p <0.001, respectively) between vitamin D levels and patients' fasting blood glucose level (FBG) and postprandial glucose level (PBG). There was a negative correlation (-r = 0.433, p <0.001) between vitamin D levels and HbA1c levels. Negative correlation (-r = 0.131, p <0.05) was found between vitamin D and triglyceride levels.

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\r\nConclusion: Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with HbA1c> 7% (n = 191) when compared to those with HbA1c <7 (n = 95) (p <0.001). Vitamin D levels may be important in glycemic control of diabetic patients.

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Carious tooth is one of the most prominent health prebletn. It is one of the ten diseases ıneet in the childhood period. Preventing form the disease 'is more casier and more economic ihan treating of them. This siu.dy had been compteted on 152 prirnary school Children of eight-twelve years old, Which were socially and economically different leıel. Various paraıneiers were detected by using khikare tesis. in the school which low socio-econoınical kvel index of DMF was 0.30, index rıJ q- was 5.59 and prevalance of carious tooih was 97.6 %. In the school was high socio-econoınicai level index of DMF was 0.15, index of df was 5.0 and prevalance of carious tooth was 92.7 %.

In the research, which was made in the Medicine and Education faculties of Konya Selguk University between April 1995 and May 1995, 245 students at the age of 18-25 were examined, 82 of whom were smokers, and 163 of whom were non-smokers. In addition to smoking habits, the intake of food con-taining vitamin C and its effect on the blood and urine vitamin C levels were examined. It has been observed that smoking decreased the blood vitamin C level. It has been also observed that intake of poor vitamin C had an important effect on the decrease of the blood vitamin C level. Increase in the uptake of pod rich in vitamin C has cor-relation with the increase in the blood vitamin C level in both smokers and non-smokers. It has been understood that smoking is harmful for the human health and urgent precautions should he taken against it.

Positive end expirium pressure(PEEPi) develops due to dynamic hyperinflation caused by increased airway resistance during the COPD exacerbations. This PEEPi causes muscle weakness and ventilation deficiency. It is thought that noninvasive mechanical ventilation(NIMV) helps the muscle to relax and provide a better feeling in severe COPD patients. In this study we aimed to evaluate whether NIMV has additional benefit to medical therapy in patients with nonasidotic COPD exacerbations. Forty five patients presented with COPD exacerbation were divided into three groups randomly. First group received medical therapy, second group received 2 hours of BiPAP in addition to medical therapy in the first day and third group received BiPAP for two hours in addition to medical therapy every day. The dyspnea scores and StGoerge respiratory questionnaire was applied. All patients underwent MIP, MEP measurement and 6 minutes walking test before discharge. While there was significant decrease in dyspnea scores obtained during discharge compared to admission scores in all three groups, no significant difference was found between discharge and 1st month control scores. Also, while significant improvement was present in StGoerge Questionnaire of first and second groups during hospitalization, no difference was present in the third group. The treatment options caused no significant improvement in the arterial blood gas(ABG) parameters in all three groups. We found that NIMV had no additional effect on hospitalization period, ABG and functional status of the cases admitted with COPD exacerbation, so NIMV had no place in exacerbation treatment of these patients.

Tuberculosis is still an important public health problem in the World, especially, in undeveloped and developing countries. In this study, the primary diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis was reported from a 14 months old female patient. The patient applied to our clinic with complaints of refusing breastfeeding, fever, abdominal distention, vomiting and loss of weight, then, the patient was taken to emergency operation due to the acute abdomen. In the operation, cheese-shaped lesions on whole intestines were macroscopically observed. Its histopathological examination revealed intestinal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment for patient who were not diagnosed in the early stage was lost. In this study, details related with clinical findings, diagnosis and curation were reported with the aim of making an awareness on this rare case.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the Brucella subspecies from the gram-negative bacteria family. Brucellosis continues to be a public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The bacteria can involve the reticuloendothelial system foremost, and many systems such as joints, the heart and the kidneys. Despite the respiratory system involvement being known, lung involvement is rare. Non-specific findings and complications in the patients with lung involvement makes the diagnosis difficult. In this case report, a 6-year-old male patient, presenting with the complaints of fever, cough, expectoration, hemoptysis, exhaustion, anorexia and knee ache, was hospitalized with the diagnosis of pneumonia and pleural effusion. On the performed examinations, hepatosplenomegaly and bicytopenia were detected. The Rose-Bengal test was (+++) and the Wright agglutination test was 1/1280 (+) in the blood and pleural effusion fluids of the case. The case was considered to be a pneumonia and pleural effusion due to brucella. The case has been presented since it is rarely seen, and in order to emphasize that in countries such as ours, in which brucella is endemic, complications due to brucella show a wide spectrum.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. For many patients, maximal therapy for COPD produces only modest or incomplete relief of disabling symptoms and these symptoms result in a significantly reduced quality of life. Despite the high morbidity and mortality associated with severe COPD, many patients receive inadequate palliative care. There are several reasons for this. First, patient– physician communication about palliative and end-of-life care is infrequent and often of poor quality. Secondly, the uncertainty in predicting prognosis for patients with COPD makes communication about end-of life care more difficult. Consequently, patients and their families frequently do not understand that severe COPD is often a progressive and terminal illness. The purpose of the present review is to give knowledge regarding palliative and end-of-life care for patients with COPD. Recent studies provide insight and guidance into ways to improve communication about end-of-life care and thereby improve the quality of palliative and end-of-life care the patients receive. Two areas that may influence the quality of care are also highlighted: 1) the role of anxiety and depression, common problems for patients with COPD; and 2) the importance of advance care planning. Improving communication represents an important opportunity for the improvement of the quality of palliative and endof-life care received by these patients.

Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an acquired cardiac disease, that may develop as a non-supurative, late-onset complication of an infection with group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus, such as pharyngitis or tonsillitis, continues to maintain its importance in developing countries, despite it is relatively rare in developed countries. The aim of this study was to review patients, diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever at our center, and to discuss this disease, which is a major health problem in our country, in the light of recent literature data. Files of patients, who referred to Selçuk University Medical Faculty Hospital, and diagnosed with ARF between January 2010 and February 2014, were assessed, retrospectively, and patient demographic data, clinical and echocardiographic (ECHO) features, treatment responses were identified. A total of 65 patients, including 26 (40%) girls and 39 (60%) boys, diagnosed with ARF, with an average age of 11,6 years (5-17 years) at the time of diagnosis, 16 (24.6%), 11 (16.9%), 5 (7.7%) and 33 (50.8%) of 65 patients has also been diagnosed with carditis, arthritis, carditis and (+) arthritis, and silent carditis, respectively. The most frequently referred symptoms are arthritis and arthralgia, with a 59% rate. Although pathological murmurs and innocent murmurs were identified during physical examination in 25 (38.4%) and 21 (32.3%) patients, respectively; 19 (29.2%) patients had no evidence of heart murmur. The most common findings in echocardiographic assessment are mitral insufficiency (MI), aortic insufficiency (AI), and mitral and aortic valve involvement in 14 (21.5%), 10 (15.4%) and 22 (33.9%) patients, respectively. Acute rheumatic fever continues to be a health-threatining condition in our country. Even if there are no pathological murmur in patients referred with arthritis or arthralgia, with an increased level of acute phase reactants; echocardiographic assessment should be taken.

Sydenham’s Chorea (SC) is a neurological movement disorder that results from antistreptocpccal antibodies cross-reacting with brain tissues, especially basal ganglia and causing to an inflamatory reaction. According to the 1992 modified Jones criteria, acute rheumatic fever is a major criterion and is sufficient evidence on which to base a diagnosis. SC is frequently seen in the 5-15 years of age. It appears approximately 6 months later from the attack of ARF. SC usually continues 4-6 weeks, it may be permanent. Carditis accompanies SC much more frequently than the other signs of ARF. SC is a neuropsychiatric disorder that may present with anxiety, emotional lability, obsessive compulsive symptoms, attention deficit and hyperactivity symptoms or tics. Most of the cases improve spontanously and many treatment are available. Recurence is common. Penisilin prophylaxis should continued to avoid carditis and recurrence. SC is considered to be the most common cause of acquired chorea in devoloping countries. Even though it has been recognized for centuries, it has kept up its importance by periodic exacerbations. SC and ARF are still declining in recent years in our country, together with which is a significant cause of morbidity as a public health problem.

In this study, the clinical and laboratory findings of 539 anemic patients who were hospitalized between 1996 and 2003 in Hematology inpatient clinics of Internal Medicine Department in Selçuk University Meram Medical Faculty, were evaluated. In our study the most common anemia was Fe deficiency anemia, there were 280 patients, it was seen three-fold more in women. In premenapausal period, menomethrorhagea was the most common cause (48%) in women. Among postmenapausal women and men, the most gastrointestinal hemorrhageas. In our patients, the rate of lesions which might bleed observed in colonoscopy. The second common cause of anemias was vit B12 deficiency causing megaloblastic anemias. In our study, cobalamine deficiency was detected in 115 patients.Thirty two patients had both Fe and vit B12 deficiencies. Twenty one patients had folic acid deficiency anemia. In our study, 28 patients had hemolytic. Twentysix patients had aplastic anemia. Twenty seven patients had chronic disease anemias. Four female patients had myelodysplastic syndrome with refractory anemia and 6 patients had anemia due to chronic kidney failure. Our study was carried out in inpatient clinics. Anemia, affecting all systems, makes many diseases worse. That’s why, it’s an important health problem.

Tuberculosis remains to be a serious public health problem in our country and all over the world. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis causes major clinical problems because of difficulties encountered in the differential diagnosis. In this case report, we aimed to discuss a case of tuberculous lymphadenitis mimicking mediastinal tumor in chest CT and PET-CT examination. Eighty years old female patient with right paratracheal enlargement in the chest radiography was admitted to our hospital. Thorax CT and MR imaging was supporting this expansion as concordant with the mediastinal tumor. The PETCT showed increased FDG uptake in favor of malignant masses. However, mediastinoscopic biopsy was reported as tuberculous lymphadenitis and antituberculous therapy was started. It should be kept in mind that even in adults patients, tuberculous lymphadenitis should be thought in differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses suspecting malignancy with imaging techniques and also it should not be forgotten that tuberculous lymphadenitis may be presented with elevated FDG uptake at PET-BT.

Chest pain is the most common reason of emergency service visits and is analysed in two subdivisions as cardiac and non-cardiac. Pain of cardiac origin is well understood but pathophysiology of non-cardiac chest pain is complex and poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to assess the characteristics of patients and final diagnoses of patienets admitted to pulmonary clinic with chest pain. In our study, we prospectively analyzed 97 male and 103 female in a total 200 patients who admitted to pulmonary clinic with chest pain. Demographic, clinic characteristics, medical and family histories were noted. After their consultation with the relevant clinic within indications their final diagnosis were recorded. According to the results, pain with musculoskeletal origin was the most common, gastrooesophageal reflux the second, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and acute bronchitis related chest pain was the third most common reason. In conclusion majority of patients admitted to pulmonary clinics with chest pain mostly are related to musculoskeletal reasons. On the other hand, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and acute bronchitis patients especially who are not diagnosed yet may define shortnes of breath and chest tightness as chest pain.

Introduction and Objective

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection seen as an endemic in Turkey and is a public health problem at the same time. The objective of this study was to evaluate demographic/epidemiologic, clinic, laboratory features, complications and treatments in brucellosis patients followed-up in our clinic.

Material & Methods

In this study, features of patients followed-up between 01/01/2010 and 31/12/2018 in our clinic were retrospectively evaluated. Descriptive data were expressed as number and percentage. Categorical variables were analyzed with Chi-square test and numerical variables with Student’s t test.

Results

Of the total of 365 brucellosis patients, 159 (43.56%) were female and 206 (56.44%) were male. The mean age of the patients was 45.9±14.51 (18-82) years. The most common time of presentation was summer season with 137 (37.5%) patients. The most common transmission route of the disease was a history of animal husbandry with 252 (69%) patients. Of all cases 168 (46%) were acute, 96 (26.3%) were subacute, and 101 (27.7%) were chronic brucellosis. The most common complaint of the patients was fatigue in 302 (82.7%) patients with being higher in acute brucellosis (p=0.0015). Anemia was found in 53 (33.3%) male and 114 (55.3%) female patients with being significantly higher in female patients (p=0.0283). Leukopenia was found in 7.9%, leukocytosis in 16.2%, thrombocytopenia in 9.6%, neutropenia in 4.1%, neutrophilia in 9% and lymphomonocytosis in 12% of the patients. Wright agglutination test was performed in 26 (7.1%) and brucella immunocapture agglutination test in 361 (98.9%) patients and all results were positive. Of all patients, 172 (47.1%) developed complications with spondylodiscitis being the most commonly found in 58 (15.9%) patients. Sixty-one (31.8%) of patients developed relapse.

Conclusion: Since brucellosis is endemic in our country, it should be considered in presumed diagnosis of patients presenting with complaints such as fatigue, articular pain and fever.

Colorectal cancer remains a significant health problem today. In parallel to the developments in the field of surgery, improvements in adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment modalities lead to increase in both local control and overall survival times. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the current treatment options of rectal cancer with literature data. Surgery is an essential treatment option for rectal cancer. Treatment success for rectal cancer has been increasing by the help of neoadjuvant (preoperative) or adjuvant (postoperative) modalities. According to the recent studies, preoperative (chemo) radiation therapy is superior to postoperative treatment in terms of local control and sphincter preservation. However, there is not enough data regarding to the difference between the efficacy of shortterm preoperative radiotherapy and long-term chemoradiotherapy. Today, for the treatment of rectum cancer, preoperative (chemo) radiotherapy is superior to postoperative (chemo) radiotherapy in terms of overall survival and local control. However, new prospective randomized trials should be designed to compare the short term and long term preoperative (chemo) radiotherapy.

It was reported that there is relationship between high brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, we investigated effect of NIV to the BNP and troponin. Fifty eight cases with COPD were enrolled to this study. The patients were divided into two groups as cases receiving NIV (n:41) and cases not receiving NIV (n:17). In both groups pretreatment and posttreatment pro BNP and troponin levels were measured. Initially, in NIV group both pro-BNP (2013.95 pg/ml) and troponin (0.17 ng/ml) levels were significantly higher than those of control group (328.9 pg/ml and 0.02 ng/ml, respectively) (p0.05). In conclusion, in severe COPD acute exacerbations that develop respiratory failure, both pro-BNP and troponin levels increase significantly. This increase suggests that in COPD exacerbations, depending on severity of exacerbation right ventricle load and pulmonary hypertension may be more prominent and myocardial injury may accompany this. In COPD exacerbations, NIV treatment could safely decrease the increased pro-BNP levels without increasing the myocardial injury.

Selçuk University Medical Faculty staff and people of some health eenters in Konya (Mevlana, 1 Hasanköy. Aydınlıkevler, Binkonut, Karaaslan and Apa village) were examined by palpation of thyroid gland and a specific questionnaire form. 1190 female and ınale people, who were older than 15 years and were selected by lzaphazard method, were entered the study. Thyroid hyperplasia occurance was found ta be 13.6% in Imal. 18.2% of women and 6.96% of men had thyroid hyperplasia. Although the iodine concentration of drinkingutilizing waters in Konya was 12.5 ± 6.25 mcgIL, thyroid hyperplasia is slill a health problem today. We suggest the iodine salt in prophylaxis.

This study was aimed to compare the knowledge levels of health education teachers with others in basic health subjects. This crosssectional study was performed in all high schools in Konya city center in 2011. The sample consisted of teachers who taught health education or counseled in health related clubs and same number of teachers of other lessons. Data were obtained by a questionnaire filled by teachers themselves under the supervision of interviewer. First part of the questionnaire was about demographic information while the second consisted of 35 questions evaluating the knowledge about protection, improvement, vaccines, contagion, diet, healthy behavior, adolescent health, first approach to frequently encountered health problems, etc. Overall level of health knowledge was assessed by summing the points for each subject, 2 for known, 1 for partially known and 0 for unknown/blank, and converting them to percentage. T test and variation analysis were used for data analysis. The mean age of 314 teachers participated in the study was 39±8, 55% of them were males, 45% were females and 90% were married. 39% of the participants consisted of health education teachers and guide teachers of health related clubs, 61% were the teachers of other lessons. The average score was higher in health education group (56±16) than the other teachers (43±14). The knowledge score was also higher in female teachers and graduates of health related faculties (biology, physical education, child development). Teaching health education or counseling in a health related club increases the general knowledge level of teachers. In writers’ opinion, improving the knowledge level of teachers in health might help students to acquire positive behaviors about health as the current level is not adequate and significant number of wrong answers was present.

Aim: Hepatitis B virus infection is a very important health problem in our country. In this regard, we evaluated the children who were inspected in our outpatient clinics for Hepatitis B virus seropositivity. We aimed to join the children who were seronegative in the immunization program. Material and method: A total of 297 children between the ages of 3 months and 18 years who were inspected in the General Pediatric Outpatient Clinics of Meram Medical Faculty except for jaundice between July 2005 and December 2005 were evaluated. The children were divided into two groups as 3 months-7years and 8-18 years. After getting permission from parents, 3 cc venous blood samples were collected from all of the children. The serological markers of Hepatitis B virus were studied by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method in the microbiology laboratories of Meram Medical Faculty. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 10.0 program. Results: Anti-HBs positivity were found in 143 ( 48,1 %) of 297 children. One hundred seventeen (81,8 %) of those children were vaccinated while 26 (17,5 %) of them had experienced the infection. Five children (%1,6) had HBsAg positivity. The ratios of children who were vaccinated were 66,4 % in 3 months-7years group and 11,0 % in 8-18 years group, respectively. The ratio of children who were vaccinated was 39,3 % in all children. Conclusion: Although Hepatitis B vaccination is a part of our National Immunization Program, the seropositivity of our region is not as much as it is expected. In this study, we found that the people in our region are not well-informed about the necessity of vaccination against Hepatitis B virus infection, and attention is called to the importance of our job in this point.

Colon and rectum cancer, is called for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer, is a major health problem especially of developed western countries. The prevalence in U.S., Canada, Britain France, Germany varies between 40-60 per thousand faces. In the United States per year is approximately 150.000, in Europe, 170,000 ,a million new cases are seen all in the world. The prevalence of new cases of cancer in the U.S. in the third place receives 11%, while in European countries after lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death (1).

Tuberculosis, which has a history as old as human history, appears as an important infectious disease especially in the people of developing countries with a prevalence of 30 million, 10 million new cases and an incidence of 3 million deaths, despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment methods. Although it has decreased significantly compared to the 1960s, one of the leading health problems in our country is tuberculosis.

Hepatitis B infection is one of the major health problem and the risk of hepatitis releated disease ma-nifestation is higher around the world. There for he-alth releated personnel is under great risk if any pre-cautionary measures are not taken. In order to determine, a study was undertaken at the department of orthopaedics and traumatology from December 1992 to June 1994, how seriously health worker inc-luding doctors were exposed to-hepatitis B infection. All in patients were checked routinely for a hepatitis B surface antigene (HBsAg) carriage. During these 19 months pariod 685 patients were investigated. Among them 47 (%6.8) patients were HBsAg(+). Ho-wever these patients did not have clinical and la-boratory (biluribins, SGOT, SGPT etc) findings re-lated to hepatitis B. Fifty randomly selected discharged patients who were initially HBsAg(-) were recalled for follow up and checked for HBsAg positivity. Only one patient (%2) was HBsAg (+) si-milarly, this patient did not have clinical and la-boratory findings related to hepatits. This findings suggested that protective measures should be taken and necessary immunisation should be done for the health personnels in the cilinics.

STUDY AIM: In this study, it was aimed to identify the accurate and inaccurate conceptions among the society on COVID-19 disease, which is considered as a public health problem and has a high risk of transmission. 

METHODS: The research was performed online at https://docs.google.com/forms in May 2020. The questionnaire form was composed of 40 queries, which were on sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19. Following the study, the answers obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed by inserting related data to the software of SPSS. 

RESULTS: Of 580 participants involved in the study, 363 (62.6%) were female. The median age of the participants was 34.0 (18.0-77.0). Of the individuals who completed the questionnaire, 342 (59.0%) were married and 438 (75.5%) were university graduated and / or postgraduated. Of the individuals included in the study, 497 (85.6%) stated that they watched television / news channels to be informed about COVID-19. Most of the questions related to COVID-19 were answered accurately by the participants. The percentage of the premise, which was answered most accurately, was 577 (99.5%), whereas the lowest percentage of the accurately answered premise was 137 (23.6%). It was found that there was a statistically significant difference among the genders in terms of the percentage of accurate responses to the conceptions (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION: It was determined that the vast majority of the participants utilized from at least one news resource on COVID-19. Participants typically have accurate knowledge about COVID-19. Educational programs can be planned to enhance the awareness of the society about the conceptions, which were answered mostly inaccurately.

 Today an increasing prevalence of obesity, which is one of major health problems is associated with many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, asthma obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Therefore, treatment of obesity contribute to  prevention of many chronic diseases risk. Recent years, it has started to consider on effects on the gastrointestinal system in treatment of obesity as well as adequate and balanced diet, increasing  physical activity and lifestyle changes. Especially it was seen that gut microbiota has been associated with obesity. Many studies showed that gut microbiota may be vary with eating habits and obesity. It is discussed changed microbiota might be associated with obesity and many obesity-related diseases. It is thought that long term-controlled studies in this area   will create a new approach to the treatment of obesity and come into prominence in the fight against obesity. In this review,it was aimed to evaluate the relationship between body weight and the gut microbiota.
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In the echocardiography laboratory of the pediatric cardiology unit of our faculty, 371 patients who underwent echocardiographic examination in the first six months of their activation were examined from different aspects. It was found remarkable that acute rheumatic carditis is an important health problem for our region. The results obtained were compared with the literature data.

Aim: Psychological dependence and smoking desire are as important as physical dependence on smoking.
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the addiction levels and smoking urge of people who want
to quit smoking on their success.
Patients and Methods: This study, which is a cross-sectional analytical study, was conducted people who
applied to a smoking cessation clinic between 10 January 2020 - 30 April 2020. Sociodemographic information
form, the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test (FNDT) and the Test for the Assessment of the Psychological
Addiction of Smoking (APAS) were applied and CO levels were measured. Motivational interviews were made
and treatments were arranged if necessary. The Carbon monoxide (CO) levels of the patients who were called
for control one month later were measured and the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU) was applied.
Those with a CO level of 5 ppm and above were considered to be unable to quit smoking.
Results: The average age of 176 patients participating in the study was 37.68±11.89 years and 81.3% were
male. The mean of cigarette consumption per pack was 23.42±16.06, the average FNDT was 6.13±2.39
and the CO was 13.33±6.31 ppm. APAS scale mean score was 15.19±2.63 points. According to the FNDT
score, 41.5% of the patients were highly dependent, and 6.8% according to the APAS score were severely
dependent. Control CO level of the patients who came for control one month later was found to be 5.03±3.03
ppm. Accordingly, 67.6% of the patients could not quit smoking, and the mean QSU score was 33.56±15.71.
FNDT, APAS and QSU scale mean scores of those who quit smoking were statistically significantly lower than
those who did not quit smoking (p=0.015, p<0.001 and p=0.025, respectively).
Conclusion: Those who are high psychological dependence to smoking have low success to quitting smoking.
Psychological addiction such as nicotine addiction of those who apply to smoking cessation clinics should be
evaluated and ways of coping with smoking desire should be expl ained during motivational interviews.

Abstract

Aim: We aimed to assess the changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and optic nerve head (ONH) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Patients and Methods: Thirty patients having severe COPD and 29 age and sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. After a detailed ophthalmic examination, the ONH and RNFL thickness measurements were taken by an optical coherence tomography (OCT) (Stratus OCT-3). Arterial blood gases (pO₂ and PCO₂) were measured and respiratory functional tests were performed for the staging of COPD patients. The OCT parameters were compared difference between the 2 groups using independent t test, while Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlations between respiratory functional tests, arterial blood gases and RNFL thickness parameters. A p value less than 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.

Results: There were no significant differences in optic disc area, cup area and rim area between COPD and healthy subjects (p>0.05). Parameters of mean and superior quadrant RNFL thickness were found to be significantly thicker in COPD subjects (114.52±7.7 µm and 141.07 ±18.2 µm, respectively) compared to the control subjects (107.9±5.4 µm and 131.31±13.6 µm, respectively) (p<0.05). No correlation was found between pO₂ and RNFL thickness (r=-0.22, p=0.33). There was a moderate correlation between pCO₂ and superior quadrant RNFL (r= 0.53 and p=0.017), and a high negative correlation between FEV₁/FVC and superior quadrant RNFL (r=-0.76, p=0.003).

Conclusions: The increase in pCO2 and the decrease in FEV1 / FVC indicate increased hypoxia. Peripapillary RNFL loss associated with RGC death can be masked by hypoxia / ischemia-induced retinal and optic disc edema. Increased mean RNFL thickness in COPD patients was thought to be due to retinal edema associated with increased hypoxia.

Sustainability is satisfying the needs of present generation by pro tecting presence and quality of resources that future generations will need. A sustainable nutrition system refers to a diet with low environmental impacts which contribute to food and nutrition security for healthy life for present and future generations. Nutrition systems has changed as a result of growing global population, developing the technology, urbanization and industrialization. This situation result in environmental problems as water resources and land uses and increasing greenhouse gases emissions in addition to several health problems notably increasing cronic diseases incidence. Environmental changes and nutrition systems are interrelated. A nutrition model which is containing animal based food enough and plant based can supply sustainability of health and environment.

Many reasons can be considered for the insufficiency of emergency health service management, which is a problem that concerns our country today. Among them, physical inadequacies, which have been in the foreground for years, have come to the fore in our days. The administrators have now realized the importance of emergency health services. Today, in our country, many universities, non-university institutions and state hospitals are being established in the state hospitals, using central and local resources, and emergency departments with new, beautiful appearance and equipment that can be regarded well. However, in newly equipped emergency services, unfortunately, sufficient and necessary emergency health services cannot be produced. The reason for this is that the emergency services are not standardized, their functions are not clearly defined, and the human factor problem that will lead this service is not focused on. For this reason, there are differences in quality and quantity in the knowledge and experience training habits of the health personnel in charge of every unit of emergency health services. In parallel with the increasing social and medical needs in recent years, the re-organization of the emergency departments throughout the film fox in order to meet the expectations of the emergency health service of the people of our country, is one of our health problems that are discussed today. One of the most frequently discussed issues in the healthcare sector today in multi-participatory discussion environments is how emergency departments should be re-organized.

This study is a epidemiologic investigation performed on a group of medical school students of Sel-çuk Universty Between January and June. 1995. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among the medical stu-dents and factors that affect this. Randomly selected 62 female and 58 male students involved in the study. Complete blood counts including erythrocyte indexes, serum iron, serum iron hinding capacity, ferritin. vitamin B12 and folic acid rneasurements and evaluation of o•cult blood and parasite irr jeces vere done. The prevalence of anemia was 32.25 % in fermale students 5.17 % in male students as a re-sult of the study. Mfean hemoglobin value was 12 .8± 1.3 gidi in females, 14.85 ± 1,25 gidi in males and anemia was more common in females, this difference was statistically significant (p<0.001 ). Considering age and sociodemographic properties of the studuy group, it becomes eviclent that iron de-ficiency anemia is an important health problem.

In recent years, after it became clear that smoking poses a threat to human health by causing cancer and some other diseases, anti-smoking campaigns have intensified in many countries and the smoking rate has decreased significantly in these countries. Unfortunately, the amount of cigarettes consumed and imported in our country is gradually increasing. This means the number of people who will be harmed by smoking. Those who will suffer are not only actively smoking adults, but also the fetus, babies, and children in the mother's abdomen. In this article, some of the effects of smoking on child health will be discussed. This article has been prepared as part of a booklet that will also include other effects of smoking.

D and older filan 30 years of age were included toget her with control group which was also consisted of 122 patients older than 30 years of age without having lung Ca and COPD. About 45% of lung Ca and COPD petients and 25% of the control group were passive smokers. Higher percentage of passive smokers in the study groups were statistically meaningful (p<0.01). The risk of having lung Ca and COPD among the passive smokers was 2.4 (Odds ratio fOR]=2.4,..95% confidence interval [CI]=1.2-4.5 ). In conclusion, we can state that to live in and to work in a cleaner environment is the right of individuals and the measures to be taken ejfectively to provide better living conditions.