Makale Arama

 Celiac disease is the only life-long continuing food intolerance. This intolerance, caused by gluten, endamages the structure of small intestine and prevents the absorption of nutritional elements. Celiac disease is usually related with other auto-immune diseases. Rate of this disease in our country is increasing in time. It can be seen in people of different ages and different clinical findings. In our day, the most efficient way of treatment is removal of gluten from daily diet. Gluten-free diet that step in treatment phase, affects the living of individual in a period in which growth and development is most rapid. By applying the gluten-free diet strictly, the risk of complications like low bone mineral density and intestine malignite related with the disease, can be decreased. However, it is not always easy to apply and keep track of gluten-free diet by family or child. Moreover, gluten-free diet can cause excess of some nutritional elements (saturated fat), gaining high calorie, and poorness of some nutritional elements (fiber, folic acid, vitamin B ₁₂, iron, zinc, magnesium). Particularly, gluten-free products, when compared with their gluten-including equivalents, have less magnesium, fiber, and folic acid, as well as they are far more expensive. It is determined that a lot of patient considered "resistant" to diet treatment are also eating gluten-including food. Therefore, gluten-free diet should be planned and followed well, and family and child should be educated. This editted article is about, celiac disease, diet treatment for celiac disease, principles of the diet treatment, concordance to the diet, and the factors that effects this concordance.

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Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is characterized by attacks and inflammation of serous membranes. After discovery of MEVF mutations, several studies have been carried out about the effect of genotype to phenotype, a number of them showed relationship between genotype and phenotype, but some of them not. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between genotype and clinical features in children with FMF. This study was performed with 131 patients who have FMF diagnosis. The demographic data, clinical findings, mutations were investigated retrospectively. 52.7% of our patients were boys, 47.3% were girls. Distribution of the age of diagnosed was different from age of onset of symptoms (p=0.00). The most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (94.7%) and it is followed by fever (91.6%), arthralgia (65.6%) and chest pain (27.5%). Infection, stress, menstruation and physical training triggered the attack in some patients. Respectively, the most common mutations were M694V (50.4%), M680I (26.7%) and 148Q (11.5%). No mutation was detected in 14.5% of our patients. Nausea and vomiting were less in M694V homozygous patients, and arthralgia was higher in E148Q heterozygous patients (p<0.05). We had 3 patients with colchicine-resistant who were siblings. In our study, a significant relationship between phenotype and genotype was not observed. It is difficult to recognize the disease in infancy period, FMF should be considered in patients with frequently admitted to hospital in order to avoid complications.

İn this study, karyotipic distribution of reciprocal translocations were investigated in 15 cases who referred to our laboratory because of reproductive vvastage and having a baby with multiple congenital defects. They distributed as follovvs; 6 unbalanced reciprocal translocations; 7 balanced reciprocal translocations and 2 balanced reciprocal translocations with trisomy 21. Ali of the unbalanced karyotypes were partal trisomies and three of them were inherited maternally while the other three were inherited paternally. Family investigations were done in balanced reciprocal translocation carriers and it was seen that three of them were de novo, two paternal and one maternal. Mechanisms of reciprocal translocations, their population rates and risks of carriers were evaluated by using our results.

In this study, 479 criminal children were sent to Forensic Medicine Divisional Directorateship for their discrimination and mental capacities to be sulted for child correction institutions. Twenty five children were out of the age range of examination of disc-rimination and mental capacity. Remaining 454 sub-jects were largely males (96.5 %). The large per-centage of criminal ages were 15 (39.7 %) and 14 (33.9 %) years of age. The most attempted erime was steeling and burglary (54.4 %). Of those 96.6 % were the age of discrimination and mental capacity and knowing attempted to the crimes. Twenty sub-jects, although they had the ages older than 11 years old, were below the discrimination and mental ca-pacity level. Among them two (10.0 %) were mentally retarded. Ten subjects (50.0 %) were inclined to at-tempt criminal temptations due ta their fawer socio-economic cultural type of living. Of those, six (30.0 %) of thern were lacking behind the psychobiological developments and unaware of the judgement of their criminal acts. The remaining two (10.0 %) subjects were deaf and dumb, and they were considered to have low level of discriminative ability and mental ca-pacity. This study when compared ta similar studles carried out else where in Turkey, it can be concluded that the type of erime attempted and the ratio of disc-riminative and mental capacity were of similar.

The growths (ıf 133 children in Konya Child-ren. Care Center were evaluated. Serum growth hor-mone (GH) kvels were measured in 15 children with growth failure bv using L-Dopa stimulation and in-sulin- induced hvoglycemia. All of the children in. research group had maximum serum GH values hig-her than 7 nghnl. Tlıere was no correlation between antıtıal growth rate (ınd maximum serum GH level (p>0.05). Eleyen of 15 children ilı research group had retanled bone maturation. The ejfects of mother deprivation on growth were discussed.

In this study, it was investigated whether Rh sen-sitization occurred in Rh(-) newborns and aclults from Rh(+) mothers. Rh sensitization was found to be 8% of the cases. It has been discussed whether it was ne-cessary to administer anti-D to these newborn girls. It was estimated that if anti-D administered one of the causes of the Rh hemolytic disease might be abolished.

The aim of this study is to evaluate our experience of patients with their clinical presentations and treatment approaches followed and underwent atrial septal defect surgery in Cardiovascular Surgery Department. Between 2010-2013, 28 patients (20 females, 8 males) mean age 58 months (range 5 month to 14 year-old) who underwent atrial septal defect surgery were included in the study retrospectively. In two patients, there were sinus venosus atrial septal defects with partially abnormal pulmonary venous drainage. In one patient, there was primum atrial septal defect. 25 patients had secundum atrial septal defects. Mean pulmonary artery pressure was 18.6 mmHg(8- 39 mmHg) and mean Qp/Qs ratio was 2.2 (1.4-4.5) in patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. Atrial septal defects were closed with synthetical patch in all of the patients. The mean of intensive care unit hospitalization was 3.2 (1-12) days. The mean of cardiovascular surgery clinical hospitalization was 4.1 (1-17) days. The mean discharge time was 7.4 (4-29) days. No mortality was observed and no hemodinamically significant residual was observed. The average postoperative follow-up period of patients was 24 months (1 month-3.5 years). Surgically closure of atrial septal defect, one of the most common forms of congenital heart disease, is performed safely in many medical center with low mortality and complication rates. If atrial septal defect remains untreated, significant complications such as cardiac failure, pulmonary vascular obstructive disease and atrial arrhythmias may occur.

Diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization attempts have recently been increasing. Numerous complications may develop after cardiac catheterization, including local complications, such as thrombosis, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, bleeding, infection, and distal embolization at the catheter insertion site, as well as complications associated with the anesthetic agents, such as respiratory depression, tachycardia and bradycardia. A total of 120 patients, who underwent cardiac catheterization between June 2010 and June 2012 were retrospectively evaluated. The patients were aged from 9 days to 15 years (mean 3.5±4.2 years) and 58 (48%) were female and 62 (52%) were male. Of the 120 patients, 102 (85%) underwent a diagnostic cardiac catheterization procedure, whereas in 18 (15%) patients an interventional procedure was performed. Complications were encountered in 7 (5.8%) patients, aged from 9 days to 15 years (3.5±4.2 years). There were femoral hematoma in two patients, femoral bleeding in one patient, femoral thrombosis in two patients, bradycardia in one patient, and a patient developed respiratory arrest during sedation (with midazolam). Femoral venous thrombosis, which was seen in two patients, was treated with low molecular weight heparin in one case and with low molecular weight heparin and pentoxifylline in the other. Two patients who developed femoral hematoma underwent local treatment. One patient developed resistant bradycardia, for which a temporary pacemaker was inserted. A patient with femoral hemorrhage was treated with protamine sulfate. One patient, who developed respiratory arrest due to midazolam, was treated with respiratory support. All patients were discharged in a good condition after the treatment. The complications in patients who underwent cardiac catheterization in our clinic, and the risk factors for these complications were analyzed retrospectively. Patients undergoing cardiac catheterization should be closely monitored in terms of possible local and general complications. The incidence of the complications can be reduced by taking appropriate measures. The morbidity and the mortality can be reduced by early diagnosis and treatment of the complications.

Today, age of childbearing women is increasing because of social and economic conditions. Although gynecological cancers are seen in old age, some of them may occur in reproductive age. With recent advances in the fields of surgery, pathology and chemotherapy, low risk patient group can be identified in gynecological cancers. Fertility sparing surgery appears as a parallel development in current cancer treatment, when considering the emotional condition, physical appearance, sexual function and fertility desire of the patient.

Objective: Purpose of this study was to use imaging methods which is cheaper and offering less radiation dousage for determination of alveol clefts. Fort his purpose, perapical and oclussal plane X-rays are used in this study, which are widely used by dentists for diagnosis of dental pathologies. Patients and methods: Elevenpatients with unilateral alveol clets was operated with seconder otogen iliac and allogenic cansellous bone grafts between 1998 and 2004. Bone defects was measured by NetCAD program with periapical and oclussal graphies pre operatively. Bone wax was used for per operative measurement and real size has been obtained. Late period control graphies was obtained with the same rontgenograms between post operative 6 months and 1 year. Lost bone volume and ossification were determined. Result: We think that periapical and oclussal graphies are easier procedures and may be used instead of CT for follow up in alveol clefts. Additional advantages are exposure to lower doses of radiation and low prices.

Urine specimens fromtotally 228 adult patients (146 worrıen, 82 men) suffering from urinary tract infection were examined for Mycoplasma Species. Ureaplasma urealyticum was found in 22 of males (27.5%) and 43 of females (29.6%). Myco-plasma hominis was found in 6 of males (7.5 %) and 17 of ferriales (11.7 %). Both of the microorganisms were detected in one male ( 1.25%) and 7 females (4.8%) only. Results were compared with those of the controls. In approach to a patient whose urine culture negative, and with urethritis resistant to penicillin therapy a Mycoplasrna infection must be concerned.

VSD is the most common cardiac malformation among congenital cardiac diseases and ocur in 3-6 in 1000 live births. The pattern of this defect may vary from a minor hole in the muscular septum, with a tendency to spontaneous closure, to complicated lesions requiring heart surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively long-term follow-up results and prognosis of pediatric patients with isolated VSD. The study was conducted in Selçuk University Medicine Faculty Pediatric Cardiology Department between July 2010 and February 2013. The echocardiography results of the patients with isolated VSD have been examined retrospectively. Among the included patients, % 71.52 of cases were perimembranous (n=103), % 40.6 of cases were muscular (n=80) and % 9.72 of cases were multipl VSD (n=14). Spontaneous closure rate was % 52.4 (n=54). % 22.3 of the cases required surgical closure because of heart failure. % 43.4 of the cases that requıred surgical closure were perimembranous VSD defects. VSD is the most common malformation of congenital cardiac diseases and can lead to heart failure by left to right shunt. And also the incidence of endocarditis in these patients has increased so the follow-up of the patients is significant.

In this study, we have planned to determine: The vaccination situation of the two age groups of children in the first and fifth classes of the primary schools of Konya province by looking at the BCG scars; the effects of BCG vaccination to tuberculin tests; the tuberculin reaction that can distinguish the natural infection in one time vaccinated children. We have also investigated the situation of tuberculosis infection in Konya province for contituting data for our region. We have included 2652 students of first and fifth classes of the primary school (1374 and 1188). 414 (16.2%) of the children had no BCG vaccinations. 2029 (%79.2) of the vaccinated 2148 children had only one and 119 (%4.6) children had two vaccinations. Mean tuberculin endurations were respectively 1,186±2,188 mm 4,489±4,643 mm and 10.890±4.037 mm in unvaccinated and in the children who had waccinated twice. Morower, 9(%2.2) of the unvaccinated 414 children, 438 (21.6) of one time vaccinated 2029 children and 85 (%70.5) of two times vaccinated 119 children had 10mm or larger endurtions. The infection rate was %4.2 in the whole group. In the group of unvaccinated children, the risk of yearly infections was 0.22 in the 7 year old children group and 0.31 in the 11 year old children group. As a result, we have determined that vaccinations in the newborn age group are succesfull but revaccinations are not enough. BCG vaccination is increasing the tuberculin reaction and pozitive tuberculin enduration is ≤14 mm.

in this study, we rewieved 95 patients with uri-nary tract stone that had been treated in Dicle Univer-sity Medical Faculty Urology Clinic between the years of 1984-1988 and 136 patients with urinary tract stone that had been treated in Selçuk University Medical Faculty Urology Clinic between the years of 1983-1992. %73 of the patients were males and %44.5 of them were 0 to 5 years old. The stones were found mostly in kidneys (%53 .9) and bladder (%21 ). Urinary tract infection was found in %78 of the patients with stone. Causative microorganism were E.coli (%59), pseudomonas (%17) and streptococcus faecalis (%13.3). in order to show the relation between stone and infection, the patients were divided into two groups according to the existance of infection. The two groups were studied with respect to the age, sex, lo-calization, hiochemical analysis, pre and post opera-tion urine cultures. It is concluded that the above parameters were ef-fective in the development of infection in patients with urinary tract stone. It is also concluded that the infection site was not effective in the localization of the stne.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effects of functional abdominal pain and psychiatric signs on life quality in childrens and adolescents. 30 patients diagnosed with functional abdominal pain according to Roma III criterias and 30 healthy children as control group matched of age and gender were included in the study. Child Depression Inventory (CDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventories for Children (STAI-C) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Parent and Child Versions (PedQL-P and C) were applied to both patient and control groups. All scale scores of life quality of childrens and adolescents with functional abdominal pain were statisticaly significance lower than control group (p<0.001). All the score of life quality in terms of parents of childrens and adolescents with functional abdominal pain were statisticaly significance lower than control group (p<0.001). Depression scale, trait anxiety inventory and state anxiety scores for children and adolescents with functional abdominal pain were statisticaly significance higher than control group (p<0.001, p=0.003, p=0.001, respectively). When compared to control group, lower life quality scale scores , increased anxiety levels tendency to depression and generally decreased life quality status were determined in functional abdominal pain group.

Patients with acute rheumatic fever, who were admitted to Pediatric Cardiology Unit of Selçuk University Meram Faculty of Medicine, were studied ret- rospectively to verify the clinical and laboratory profile of the disease. 395 cases were identified among patients admitted to the present institution. Age on admission was 5-18 years (mean 11.3±2.8), they were 213 (53.9%) boys, and 182 (46.1%) giriş. Manifestations included carditis 70.3°%, arthritis 66.5°%, Sydenham’s chorea 22.2%, eritema marginatum 1 °%,subcutaneous nodules 0.7%. Pericardial effusion was occurred in 3.5°%. Mitral insuffi- ciency and aortic insufficiency and aortic insufficiency were occurred in 95.3°% and 46.4°%, respectively. The regur- gitation disappeared in 23.6°% and 33°% of patients with mitral and aortic regurgitation, during follow-up. The caus- ing recurrence was the non-compliance with penicillin prophylaxis.

Nowadays, interventional treatment is one of the indispensable methods of treatment for pediatric cardiology centers. The results of interventional treatment of our center were presented within two years. The results of 40 patients who underwent interventional procedure in our center between February 2011-November 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Interventional therapy was applied to 40 patients. Fifty-five percent (n:22) of these patients were female, 45% (n:18) were male. Their age is from 10 days to 15 years, their weight is between 3.7 and 60 kg. Pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty was performed to nine patients with valvular pulmonary stenosis. Angioplasty was performed to 10 patients with the coarctation of aorta. Transcatheter ASD closure was performed to 12 patients with atrial septal defect. The five patients’ ductus with a wide range closed by transcatheter. Mitral balloon valvuloplasty was performed to 14-year-old patient with mitral stenosis. In our hospital,angiography was performed since June 2010 until November 2012, with total of 155 patients with angio process and interventional procedure was applied to 40 of these patients (25.8%). At first,diagnostic angiography is performed in our angiography unit. Subsequently, interventional procedures were performed such as balloon angioplasty to the coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty, respectively. Recently, processes that are complicated and requires experience such as transcatheter closure of ASD and PDA, and aortic stent implantation transactions began to be performed in our clinic. Considering the last 6 months, the rate of invasive procedures increased to 50% compared with diagnostic procedures.

Aim: To assess the optimum efficacy and neurological side effect(s) of antihyperlipidemic drug regimens in dyslipidemic adult patients. Material and Method: Fotry-two male, eighty-seven female; totally 129 dyslipidemic patients, 37 to 77 years of age who admitted to neurology and cardiology out-patient clinics were eligible for our study. All of the patients were recommended to reach an ideal body weight and to maintain a standard low-lipid diet. Patients were divided into 5 subgroups and were assigned to receive commonly used antihyperlipidemic agents; low-dose atorvastatin (10 mg), pravastatin (10 mg), simvastatin (10 mg), fenofibrate (200 mg) and a combination of fenofibrate and atorvastatin regimen. Neurological examination was evaluated besides fasting plasma lipid profile and muscle enzyme levels at 0, 3, 6 and 12-month intervals. Electroneuromyography (ENMG) was performed in patients having neurological complaint(s), finding(s) and/or elevated muscle enzyme levels after drug administration. Results: According to ATP III criteria, in the second 6-month period, fenofibrate effectively improved the triglyceride profile in patients with high and borderline plasma lipid levels versus pravastatin therapy. In the first 3-month period, atorvastatin significanty improved LDL-C levels versus fenofibrate. In the first 6-month period, pravastatin caused a marked elevation of creatinine kinase levels versus atorvastatin. Among all the drugs, no other differences were observed either on lipid or on side effect profiles. No pathological findings were observed in patients who underwent ENMG. Conclusion: For the first year, low-dose antihyperlidemic agents have mostly similar efficacy profiles. Encountered side effects are; myalgia and elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels at a range of 4-68 %. CPK elevations did not exceed to 3 to 10 times as reported in the literature with any of the drugs. In spite of myopathic changes in ENMG, myalgia was commonly reported. In conclusion we suggest that, patients at hig-risk, represent a suitable group for prolonged statin treatment with regular clinical follow-up.

Purpose: The aim of this study is the documentation of characteristics of cases diagnosed and followed as cholelithiasis which is quite rare in childhood period. Material and method: Data of 23 cases diagnosed as cholelithiasis in ourclinic between June 1998 and June 2005 were evaluated. Result: Fifteen of cases were female (65.2%) and eight were male (mean age: 8.3±4.7 year). The most important reason of stone formation was hemolytic diseases (43.5%). No underlying reason could be found in 30.4% of cases. About 39% of all cases and 80% of cases with hemolytic diseases (43.5%). No underlying reason could be found in 30.4% of cases. About 39% of all cases and 80% of cases with hemolytic diseases were asymptomatic. Cholecystectomy was performed in nine of 23 cases (39.1%). Multiple stones were detected in 78% of all cases while all patients with hemolytic disease had multiple stones. Stone analysis was not performed in any of patients. Conclusion: Knowledge about cholelithiasis which rarely detected in children is insufficient. Most of cases with hemolytic disease are asymptomatic and gall bladder Stones were detected accidentally. Periodic follow up of these patients is very important. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy must be performed in all symptomatic patients and in patients having Stones larger than 2 cm diameter. Needed significance to stone analysis must be given in our country.

Aim: Geraniol, a monoterpene, is a plant-derived natural antioxidant. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a member of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The objective of this study is to de-termine the effect of geraniol on brain cholesterol and lipophilic vitamins such as vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin E (alpha (α)- tocopherol and α-tocopherol acetate) in H2O2-administrated male rats. Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7). Geraniol (50 mg/kg) and H2O2 (16 mg/kg) were administered by an intraperitoneal injection for 30 days with a 1-day interval. Brain samples were homogenized and cholesterol, α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol acetate, and retinol levels analyzed from lipid extracts by HPLC. Results: Brain cholesterol level was found to be significantly higher in the H2O2 group than the control group. Brain α-tocopherol acetate levels were found to be significantly higher in the H2O2 and the geraniol+H2O2 groups than the control group. There was no difference in retinol levels between any groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results indicate that brain cholesterol and α-tocopherol acetate levels are affected by H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, we suggest that geraniol has the potential to reduce the effect of H2O2 in male rats.

Schizencephaly is a slit covered with gray matter, that lies from the ependimal surface to the piadressing a long the hemisphere. If the walls of the slitscovered with gray matter of are close to each other it is named as Type 1 (closedlip), if they are further from each other, it is called astype 2 (openlip). Clinics in children has a large range of spectrum from mental motor retardation, seizure to focal neurological disorders. Most of the patients have epilepsy which are usually characterized by focalseizures. There are only a few cases where schizencephaly causes status epilepticus. Here in, we report a schizencephaly case of a 7 year old boy who was accepted with a status epilepticus clinics that started locally and progressed generally. We emphasize the important role of schizencephaly in epilepsy and status epilepticus.

Aim: İn this study the meningeal structure of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinüs and the microanatomy of Dorell's canal, and the anatomical relations of petrolingual and petrospheonidal ligaments with the adjacent structures were studied. By aim of additional security during the surgical approach in this region this study was performed. Materials and Methods: İn the present study, the microanatomy of the cavernous sinüs and the neighbouring structures in 14 adult human cadavers were examined using for this purpose Olympus operation and stereo microscope. Findings: İn our study, the lateral wall of the cavernous sinüs was found in a form of two layers, superficial and deep. The superficial layer is more thicker and flat vvhile, the deep is in a form of thin, irregular, variable and has dural defects on some region of it. İn our study, we investigated the distances betvveen the cranial nerves and their anatomical relations with the cavernosal part of the internal carotid artery. İt was observed that, the postero-inferior part of the deep layer of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinüs has a continuity with ptrolingual ligament and indicates the site of the entrance of the internal carotid artery; this deep layer can be easily separated from the superficial layer. Conclusion: The present study may be helpful to understand clearly the anatomy of the cavernous sinüs and its relevant structures with their morphometric relationships. Therefore, it can provide a useful Information to reduce the complication risk durring operations upon this region.

Fractures of the clavic!e are common and make up a high percentage among the skeletal system tra-uma. They are well managed by conservative met-hods. 496 clavicular fractures of 493 patients were diagnosed between 1993 and 1997 in our dinle 357 of thern were men and 136 women. Average age was 38.5 (18-78). Years in 207 of them right side was affected and in 289 left. 3 of the cases had bi-lateral involvement. Conservative treatment included velpeau dressing or figure of eight bandage. 82 of the patients were lost to follow-up after the first exa-mination. Remaining 414 fractures of 411 cases were followed up at least 1.5 months 3 nonunions (%0.7) were detected_ Conservative treatment re-sulted in % 99.3 of union.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus(RSV) is a fi-equent cause of respiratory tract infections in children. In this study. the serological response ta respiratory Syncytial Virus in 126 pediatric patients with lower respiratory infection was investigated hy 1ndirect immunolltıorescence Antibody(IFA) technique for spesific Ig M and 1g G. RSV- Ig M and RSV- 1g G antihodies vere detected in 44.44% and 56.34% of the hlood samples, respectively.

The Analysis Of 127 Patients With Congenital Dislocation Of The Hip 127 cases with congenital dislocation of the hip were determined at tlıe Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the Medical School of Selçuk University, between March 12, 1983 and November 11, 1984. 23 (18 per cent) were boys, 104 (82 per cent) were girl.s of the patients. The dislo-cation of the hip was on the right hip in 24 cases (18 per cent), on the left hip in 28 cases (23 per cent), and on the bilateral hip in 75 cases (59 per cent). 57 per cent of the cases were firt child of the family. The diag-nosis of congenital dislocation of the hip was made in 0 age period in 62.3 per cent of the cases. it has been determined that swadling clothes has been applicated in 97 per cent of the cases between one to eighteen months. 40 per cent of the cases were treated concervatively 26 per cent of the cases were treated by surgery (iliac osteotomy), in 15 per cent of the cases the treatment was delayed. and no treatment was performed in 19 per cent of the cases.

Aim: In this retrospective study, our patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) were evaluated according to age, sex, etiology, response to steroid, prognosis, and compared with national data and the literature. Material and method: 141 children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) who admitted to the Department of Pediatric Nephrology of Selcuk University between January 2000 and December 2006 were assessed. Patients were classified into two groups according to etiology as primary and secondary NS. Results: 59% of the patients were male and 41% of them were female. Male/female ratio was 1.44, and median age was 9 (0.3-18.5) years. It is observed that 81.5% of the cases had primary and 18.5% had secondary NS. 67 of the patients with primary NS were male and 48 of them were female. Median age was 8 (0.3-18) years. 16 of the patients with secondary NS were male and 10 of them were female. Median age was 14 (7.5-18.5) years. Of patients with primary NS, 76.5% had steroid-responsive, and 22.6% steroide resistant. %64.8 of the patients with steroid responsive NS developed one and more relapses. Percentage of rare and frequent relapses were 3.4% and 61.3%, respectively. Our results showed that mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (MesPGN) was the most common histopathologic diagnosis, 15 (45%) of the 31 biopsied patients with primary NS were found to have MesPGN. Henoch Schonlein purpura nephritis was diagnosed in 14 (53.8%) patients and it was the most common cause of secondary NS. As a result, NS frequency and response to rate of steroid therapy are similar to present literature finding. However, frequent relaps ratio was lower than the others studies. Conclusion: We think that further research including more patients population and multiple center and control studies to investigate NS events to reveal causes of concerning with regional, national or race differences at the childhood period is warranted.

Aim: The clinical course of COVID-19 cases and the severity of symptoms vary according to the case.
However, it has been seen in the cases examined that it poses a greater risk for those with chronic
diseases and elderly individuals. In order to protect elderly individuals from COVID-19, governments
have introduced some restrictions. It is thought that the wrong evaluation of these restrictions may lead
to attitudes of ageism. This study aimed to determine the relationship between society's fear of COVID-19
and attitudes towards ageism.
Patients and Methods: This work is designed in descriptive type. This study was conducted with
volunteers between the ages of 18-65 683 people. The data of the study were collected using the Fraboni
Scale of Ageism and COVID-19 Fear Scale. Data were collected on 1-20 Jun e 2020.
Results: The mean Fraboni Scale of Ageism and COVID-19 Fear Scale scores were 67.87±6.15 and
18.81±6.16, respectively. The results showed a weak and negative correlation between COVID19 fear
and ageism.
Conclusion: In general, individuals had a positive attitude towards the elderly and had low levels of
COVID-19 fear.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the problems and progresses of esophageal atresia (EA) treated in our department for 20 years at a single tertiary center for pediatric surgery. The study used a retrospective chart review of infants diagnosed with EA between 1991 and 2010. Patients were divided into 2 groups as Group I (1991-1998) and Group II (1999-2010) according to the years of diagnosis. All patients were also assessed regarding the prenatal history, delivery method and time, time of admission, diagnostic procedures, time of surgery, surgical techniques, associated anomaly, complications, and mortality rates. Mean weight of the cases was 1960±5.35 gr when they were admitted, 75% of deliveries was performed in hospital and 25% was at home. 85% of the babies was in term and 15% was preterm. Prenatal polyhydramnios story was detected in 55% of babies. Mean admittion time of the cases was 5.9±1.42 days. Almost all the patients admitted to our department had prediagnosis. The associated anomaly rate was 39%. Patients in Group I were operated immediately, and the ones in Group II were operated in elective conditions after being stabilized. As surgical technique, primary repair and end-to-end anastomosis were carried out in most of the cases. Most common intraoperative complication was iatrogenic pleural opening. The most common early period postoperative complications were pneumonia and atelectesia; late complication was gastroesophageal reflux. Overall mortality was 56% and this rate was 76% for Group 1 and 45% for Group 2. Respiratory insufficiency, pneumonia, and anastomotic leakage were the most common causes of mortality. This retrospective study performed in our department showed that corrected intensive care conditions and the developments in surgical techniques decreased preoperative and postoperative complications and mortality rates in esophageal atresia, which was one of the most anomalies seen in newborns.

The study compares the recovery charecteristics of desflurane and isoflurane in children undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. Forty children 4-12 year of age were studied and thirty minutes prior to the induction of anesthesia, ali patients received 0.5 mg/kg midazolam orally. They were randomly assigned to receive 1-1.5 % isoflurane (group I) and 6-7 % desflurane (group II) for maintenance of anesthesia afterpatients given 2-2.5 mg/kg propofol and 10 pg/kg alfentanyl for anesthesia induction. Before surgery, patients received 20 mg/kg paracetamol rectally for postoperative analgesia. Dexamethasone 150 pg/kg was given to reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Administration of anesthetic agents was terminated at the end surgery. At the end of operation extubation and recovery time determined. Extubation time was defined as the time from discontinuation of anesthetics to extubation. Recovery time was measured from the time the anesthetics were discontinued until the patients achieved a score of 8 on the Aldrete score. Agitation was evaluated by using the three-point score. Extubation and recovery time were significantly faster in the desflurane group than isoflurane group (p<0.05). İncidence of agitation was similar for both groups. As a result, desflurane provides a faster recovery than isoflurane in short-term surgery on children.

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (İTP) is the most common seen acquired bleeding disorder of childhood. İt has a benign course. Nevertheless, it has a great importance because of an organ bleeding risk and possibility of an existance of underlying serious disease and chronicity. İn our study we investigated retrospectively 86 patients diagnosed as İTP. Peak ages of the cases vvere 5 and 13 years. Except the intracranial bleeding, almost every type of bleeding vvere seen. We prefered corticosteroids for the first choice of treatment. 73 patients received high dose methylprednisolone for the treatment. 41 ofthem (47.6%) recovered totally. Immediate increase in the thrombocyte count after the corticosteroid therapy was observed in 79% of the patients. Chronicity rate was as high as 41.8% and the ages of this group vvere similar to that of the peek incidence ages. None of the patients died. Four patients, resistant to medical treatment went to splenectomy. Hovvever, the increase of thrombocyte count was permanent in only one case. One of the patients diagnosed as İTP was accepted as systemic lupus erythematosus three months later and one as Hodgkin lymphoma three years later. Patients with İTP should be monitered closely because of the bleeding risk and should be detected seriously because of an underlying disease risk and should be alert against the malignity or autoimmune disease at the chronic stage or after the remission phase.

The frequency of MVP in childer with innocent murmurs and inci-dence of innocent murmurs in schooling aged children have been inves-tigated during this study. The incidence of innocent murmur has been found to be 40.6 percent. This result is consistent with the other researches which have been pub-lished in the literature. The incidence of MVP in children with innocent murmurs is found to be 16 percent. This shows that MVP in children with innocent murmurs is not frequent than normal child population.

Gastrointestinal procedures are the most frequent ones in outpatient anesthesia applications which increase day by day. However pediatric cases are rare. Out patient anesthesia applications, especially in pediatrik patients, are more difficult and so it is important to use guidelines in this manner. In this article our anesthetic experience in a endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography applied on a pediatric patient is reported with literature review.

Trichotillomania characterized by recurrent chronic hair pulling is an impulse control disorder which is associated with comorbid conditions. In most cases trichotillomania results in a total or partial scalp alopecia. The psychiatric comorbidity is usually seen with trichotillomania in adults. The most common psychiatric comorbidities are affective disorders, anxiety disorders, addiction disorders. The effect of trichotillomania can be quite large and serious. It has many negative effects such as either on relationships between people or causing avoid social activities. The treatment of trichotillomania usually involves participation of both psychiatrists and dermatologists. In this article, a case of a young female patient, who has applied only dermatology policlinic for many years with diagnosis of alopesia totalis and not believing being treated in result, is presented. This case has been prepared as a good example of that trichotillomania causes the depresion and the decrease on the quality of life.

Purpose: to evaluate the ocular and periorbital anthropometric measurments in young adults and adults. Methods: Our study were enrolled two different age groups, first group (young adults) was consisted of 200 medical students aged between 18 to 21(19.73±1.6) years, and second group (adults) consisted of 150 patients aged between 42 to 65 (52.48±9.2) years who were examined in department of opthalmology. Cases with history of trauma and congenital anomaly were excluded from the study. In all cases the intercanthal distance (ICD), the outercanthal distance (OCD), the interpupillary distance (IPD), the palpebral fissure height (PFH) and the palpebral fissure distance (PFD) were measured. Measurments were performed by the same examiner using a single electronic compass instrument. In both groups the measurments between males and females as well as the measurments of the same gender between the both groups were compared. Results: In the evaluation of the measurments, in ICD, OCD and IPD there was statistically significant differencess between the genders (ie male/female) in same group (p<0.05), while there was no statistically significant differencess between the gender in the same group, while there was statistically significant differencess in between the two groups (p<0.05), and in PFH there was statistically significant differencess between the genders in the first group (p<0.05), however there was no such defferencess in the second group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our results on one hand and the contrary results of other studies on the other hand, arise the need for further studies including different ages and ethnics groups to set standarts for ocular and periorbital anthropometric measurments. These measurments in healthy subjects may be useful guide for early identification of some dysmorphological abnormalities and of planning surgical intervention.

The results in 58 congenitally dislocated hips in 43 children who were between one and a half four years okl have been reviewed. There were 35 girls and 8 boys. Open reduciion (OR) was perfortned in one hip, Salter's innornintne osteolotny (S10) was perforrned in three hips, OR and SIO were perfortned in 43 hips, OR, SfO derotation varus and fernoral shortenin were performed 11 patients. Ali of the patients have been followed at least one yer (average nventy-two months). Using Severin classification of radiographic evalualion, 48 hips (83 per cent) vere telated as excellent, 6 hips (10 per cent) as good, one hip (2 per cent) as fair and three hips (5 per cent) as failure. Clinical avaluation was made using Mc Kay's criteria and 47 hips (81 per cera) were related as excellent. Seven hips (12 per sent) as good, three hips (5 per cent) as fair, one hip (2 per cent) as failure. Avascular necrosis developed in one mortn.al side, there was one redislocation

Diarrhea goes on to be an important reason of morbidity and mortality in childhood. Rotavirus infections are among the most common casues of severe gastroenteritis in infants and small children. Secondary bacteremia cases after rotavirus have been rarely reported. An eight month of boy was hospitalized due to rotavirus gastroenteritis and moderate dehydration. After his symptoms resolved with intrevenous hydration and probiotic sachet, fever and deteriotation in general condition were realized on the third day and sepsis was diagnosed. He was monitorized in Intensive Care Unit and started ceftriaxone, amikacine, and vancomycine empirically. His blood culture grew Klebsiella oxytoca which was sensitive to ceftriaxone and amikacine. Vancomycine was stopped and other antibiotics were given for totally 14 days. He was discharged when recovered completely. Bacterial sepsis secondary to rotavirus is an important clinical situation. Fever lasting more than 48 hours or fever rising after remission should be alarming. The importance of rotavirus vaccination should be emphasized because of its probable protective effects on disease complications.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) associated small vessel vasculitis constitutes a group of life-threatening diseases and renal involvement is its most severe and common manifestation. Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare form of such vasculitis in children characterized by pulmonary-renal syndrome with pauci-immune rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. A 9-yearold boy was admitted to our hospital because of rash, arthralgia and dark urine. Urine analyses showed hematuria and proteinuria. Blood examination revealed anemia, renal failure and positive p-ANCA. A chest CT revealed diffuse infitration. The renal biopsy demonstrated crescentic glomerulonephritis, immunofluorescent examination was negative. He was diagnosed MPA. High-dose methylprednisolone and high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy improved all of the lung infltrates and renal function.

The aim of this study was to research the relationship between the difference in carotid intima media thickness and paraoxonase (PON1) in beta-thalassaemia major (BTM) children. We recruited fifty BTM patients (7.2±5.3 years, 34 boys and 16 girls) and 35 controls (7.9± 2.1 years, 23 boys and 12 girls) consecutively. In all subjects, serum PON1 activity and CIMT were measured. Mean CIMT was significantly increased in BTM patients relative to controls (P

Intake of high doses of calcium channel blocker can cause serious clinical consequences and death. A child patient at 13 years old was admitted to the intensive care unit because of significant hypotension due to high-dose amlodipine and valsartan+hydrochlorothiazide intake aiming commit suicide. The patient successfully treated with fluid, calcium gluconate, dopamine, dobutamine in addition to insulin and glucose was discharged from intensive care unit after eight days healthy by preventing development of further complications.

Congenital factor VII (FVII) deficiency is an uncommon bleeding disorder with an estimated incidence of 1/300.000-1/500.000. Congenital Factor VII deficiency is an otosomal recessively inherited and 0.5% of all congenital coagulation disorders. Factor 7 deficiency is the fourth of all congenital factor deficiencies in the Factor 8, Factor 9, and lack of the Von Willebrand Factor. It affects men and women in the same proportions. Although there is no correlation between FVII level and bleeding risk. An important part of the patients are asymptomatic until advanced age, often by chance, is investigating the bleeding parameters, only PT’s long, APTT is normal due to the received diagnosis. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), FVII, prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC), plasma-derived factor VII (pdFVII); recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) are used for prophylaxis or treatment of bleeding. In this case, a pregnant woman at term which her first pregnancy was resulting in vaginal childbirth without any problem, but factor 7 deficiency was detected in her second pregnancy and there was also no problem to term is presented to cesarean operation with recombinant activated factor FVII for the preparation and post-operative management.

Moebius syndrome is a rare, non-progressive congenital syndrome presenting with complete or partial facial paralysis. It is usually associated with orofacial malformations, musculoskeletal defects, brainstem dysplasia, and other cranial nerve palsies. Mean incidence is 2-20/million, although there is considerable regional variation. The most common presentation is with bilateral lateral rectus palsies and facial diplegia. Frequently, the 5th, 10th, 11th and 12th cranial nerves are involved and may cause cough, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and respiratory insufficiency. Complete or partial facial nerve palsy is necessary for a diagnosis of Moebius syndrome. A 4-month-old girl was brought to our clinic with complaints of inability to close her right eye completely and internal deviation in that eye, beginning from birth. She had micrognathia and an inability to completely close the right eye. Both eyes were turned inwards during primary gaze. She had limited lateral gaze, a pes equinovarus deformity in her feet, and flap ears. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was performed because of the dysmorphic features and revealed micrognathia and volume loss at the tongue. Bilateral facial nerves could not be visualised by a 3D FIESTA scan, suggesting bilateral facial nerve agenesis. This case is presented to highlight Moebius syndrome in the differential diagnosis of cases presenting with congenital facial weakness.

Meckel’s diverticulum is a rare cause of mechanical intestinal obstruction in adults. Due to non-specific symptoms and preoperative diagnosis of this rare condition, surgeons should keep in mind. A 28-year-old male patient was admitted to our emergency department with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting for about 8 hours before onset. The patient was diagnosed as acute small bowel obstruction and underwent emergency surgery. At operation a torsioned ileum due to Meckel’s diverticulum 60 cm proximal to ileocecal valve and small bowel distention proximal to this site was seen. Ileum was detorsioned and Meckel’s diverticulum resection was performed. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3. Histopathologic specimen were reported as Meckel’s diverticulum in 3x2x1cm size.

Carious tooth is one of the most prominent health prebletn. It is one of the ten diseases ıneet in the childhood period. Preventing form the disease 'is more casier and more economic ihan treating of them. This siu.dy had been compteted on 152 prirnary school Children of eight-twelve years old, Which were socially and economically different leıel. Various paraıneiers were detected by using khikare tesis. in the school which low socio-econoınical kvel index of DMF was 0.30, index rıJ q- was 5.59 and prevalance of carious tooih was 97.6 %. In the school was high socio-econoınicai level index of DMF was 0.15, index of df was 5.0 and prevalance of carious tooth was 92.7 %.

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is an autosomal recessive renal tubuler disorder. This syndrome also referred to as familial hypokalemiahypomagnesemia. The prevalence is estimated at approximately 1/40000 and it cannot be diagnosed until adulthood. GS, is caused by inactivating mutations in the thiazide-sensitive sodiumchloride cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule of kidney and is associated low urinary calcium excretion, hypomagnesemia. Mutations, also lead to disruption NaCl reabsorbsion and hypovolemia. Therefore hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis occur with activated the renin angiotensin aldosterone system. The most common cause of hypokalemia is renal potassium loss. Herein, we report cases of two (brother) GS, characterized by renal loss of potassium.

Pericarditis is a common clinical entities. The recurrence rate of acute pericarditis is 15 % to 30 % inadulthood, whereas it is rare in children with cases, most of which are case reports. There are rare complications such as cardiac tamponade and constructive pericarditis. The majority of patients will have a benign clinical course. Generally, cases remain as idiopathic chronic inflammatory diseases and, in some cases associated with cardiac operations. Recurrent pericarditis in patients without rheumatic origin the use of colchicine has been a good response. Here we wanted to share the 8-year-old recurren pericarditis patient was kept under control with colchicine as a rare case of idiopatic with children.

Although it remains relatively stable childhood cancer rates in the last two years, thanks to advances in early diagnosis and treatment there has been a serious decline in the mortality rate. Despite all these developments, it still experienced today that children diagnosed with cancer 75% more than they can not survive more than five years. Before cancer treatment, oral and dental health problems may impair during and after the child’s health and quality of life. Therefore, pediatric dentists, the provision of oral hygiene and dental treatment needs of these patients have a very important place.

Frequency of comorbid anxiety disorders and their relations to other clinical variables were examined in a clinical sample with diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample consisted of 66 newly diagnosed children with ADHD aged 6 to 18 years. Diagnosis of the ADHD and anxiety disorders and definition of ADHD subgroups were determined according to DSM IV criteria by using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children Lifetime Version. Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised was applied to exclude the children with mental retardation. Forthy eight (72.7%) subjects were diagnosed with combined type ADHD, 10 (15.2%) were predominantly inattentive type and 8 (12.1%) were predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive type. Twenty six (39.4%) children with ADHD had at least one comorbid anxiety disorders. Social anxiety disorder was detected in 21.2 % (n:14), seperation anxiety disorder in 16.7 % (n:11), obsessive compulsive disorder in 9.1 % (n:6), generalized anxiety disorder in 4.5 % (n:3) and panic disorder in 4.5% (n:3) of the cases. The frequency of obsessive compulsive disorder was statistically higher in the hyperactive-impulsive subgroups of ADHD compared to others. The impact of comorbid diagnoses of anxiety disorders on clinical evaluation and treatment method in ADHD cases was discussed.

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the anesthetic approach to a 6 years old female child, clinically diagnosed as Hurler syndrome, undergoing umbilical hernia repair and adenoidectomy operation, under the light of literatüre data. Case Report: Premedication was omitted. The case monitorised with EKG, non invasive arterial pressure, peripheric oxygen saturation (SpO2) and taken under operation. It is assumed to be a difficult airway case bacause of anatomical features of Hurler Syndrome, tracheostomy and difficult airway algorithm prepared. Preoxygenation via face mask with 3L/min 100% O2 inhalation applied to the case before induction. Anesthesia induced with increasing sevoflurane concentrations in 100% oxygen and fentanyl 1µg/kg. Neuromuscular blockage was maintained with 1.5 mg/kg iv succinylcholine. 18 mm diameter endotracheal tube was placed into trachea by using Macintosh blade (No:2) at third attempt. Anesthesia was maintained with 2% sevofluran in 50% O2-50% N2O. The patient was extubated without any complication at the end of the surgery. Conclusion: In Hurler’s sydrome; patients should be evaluated carrefully prior to operation. It is vital to monitor the patient in peroperative and postoperative period.

Invasive candidiasis is responsible for about 10% of nosocomial sepsis and it continues to be significant cause of serious morbidity and mortality in very low birth weight infants. Alhough the informations about the antifungal drugs which used for Candida species are increasing, studies and conclusions about the efficacy and safety are still insufficient. Most of the studies have focused on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations and obtained from adult patients. However, efectiveness of the therapy can not be same in newborns due to the different pathophysiology of neonatal candidiasis in newborn, the inferences can not be considered from adult studies. Until now, amphotericin B deoxycholate, fluconazole and micafungin seems to be effectivev therapy for the treatment of neonatal invasive candidiasis. Herein, the medical literature has been scanned and compiled with the latest information about the use of antifungal agents in newborn.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between hematologic diseases and SARS-CoV-2
infection in patients who have been been diagnosed with a hemat ologic disease after COVID-19 infection.
Patients and Methods: The ones who had a previously history of COVID-19 infection among the patients
diagnosed with any malign or autoimmune hematologic disease were evaluated between April 1, 2020 – April
1, 2021, retrospectively. The Patients who had the COVID-19 infection and the patients who had not were
compared.
Results: Twenty-four (7.8%) patients of 305 newly diagnosed who had a previously history of COVID-19
infection were determined. The most common diagnosis was non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in both of the groups.
Although it was not statistically significant, frequency of NHL and aggressive NHL were most common in
the patients with history of COVID-19 (25.1% vs 23.1%; p=0.143 and 66.6% vs 56.9%, p=0.094). The basic
hematologic parameters were similar between the two groups. The median time between COVID-19 infection
and the hematologic diagnosis was 4.1 (0.6-11.8) month; the minimum duration was in the patient with
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura and the maximum was the one with Multiple Myeloma. The median time
up until the diagnosis was longer in the malign group (4.5 vs 2.5 months; p=0.070).
Conclusions: As a result of the study, it has been emphasized that COVID-19 may have an etiological factor
for malign and hematologic diseases with autoimmune pathogenesi s.

We aimed to present a rare case with giant ovarian tumor which causes intraabdominal mass in a 14-year-old girl. On examination, there were abdominal distension and a palpable solid mass in abdomen. On abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) examination, a giant mass, which covers all intraabdominal cavity, was identified in the abdomen. Laparatomy was carried out in elective conditions after all tests had been performed. The mass originated from left ovary was excised totally via left salpingoooferectomy, following both ovaries and both tuba uterinas. The operative diagnosis of dysgerminoma was confirmed with histopathologic examination. Chemotherapy was scheduled by Hematology-Oncology Department. Dysgerminoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the girls who are admitted with the intraabdominal giant masses.

This study aimed to research dietary quality in adults and to compare using different parameters (body mass index, education statues, gender and age). The cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected 421 adults (275 females, 146 males) living in Ankara. Dietary intakes of individuals aging between 20 and 50 years (mean±SD, 32.7±9.096 years) were collected by using 24-hour recall method. Mean adequacy ratio scores calculated by using nutrient adequacy ratio were used for dietary quality assessment. According to mean adequacy ratio scores, 56% of individuals’ dietary nutrient content found to be inadequate. In the study, there was no significant difference in mean adequacy ratio scores according to education, age, body weight; whereas, male mean adequacy ratio scores were higher than female. There is a need for improving diets according to mean adequacy ratio scores assessment in Turkey. Dietary quality can be affected by different variables such as gender, body mass index, age and education statues. Improving dietary quality should be aimed using plan and policies, developed taking into consideration these variables by governments.

Aim: Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb plant belongs to the Apiaceae family. It is traditionally used for the treatment of hemorrhoids, female infertility, and purification of blood. We aimed to examine the histological changes in the murine ovarian tissue following the administration of a methanolic extract of the aerial parts of the Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb plant.

Materials and methods: Twelve adult female Swiss-Albino mice were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Control group received no administration. In the Opopanax hispidus group the methanolic extract (200 mg/kg/day) was administered via oral gavage for 5 days. At the end of the experiment right ovarian tissue of each subject was excised. Routine histological processing of tissue samples fixed in 10% formalin were then sectioned at a thickness of 5 µm. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined with a light microscope. The modified method of Cavalieri principle was used in the stereological measurement. The total tissue volume ratio was measured with a point counting grid provided by the Shtereom version 1.5 software package. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups.The significance level was set at 5%. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (ver: 20) software package.

Results: A significant difference was observed with respect to the number of antral follicles (p<0.05). A comparison of ovarian volumes between the groups revealed a significant decrease in the Opopanax hispidus group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: We demonstrated that Opopanax hispidus exerted positive effects on the ovarian tissue and increased the number of antral follicles, probably due to its antioxidant effect.

Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of intravenous glucose administration in the lateral hypothalamic
area (LHA) on the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG)-
dihydroxyphenylaceticacid (DOPAC) by brain microdialysis method.
Patients and Methods: Adult male Wistar albino rats in 2 normally fed groups and 2 groups of restricted
food intake for 24 hours (saline and glucose administered) were used. Microdialysis procedures were
performed on the rats in LHA under anesthesia and samples were collected in 20 minutes. After the first
samples were recorded as control, 0.9% saline was administered to the control groups and 50% glucose
solution was administered intravenously to the glucose groups at a dose of 1.4 ml/kg. During the next 40
minutes, samples were collected and analyzed on the HPLC-ECD system. One-way ANOVA was used for
statistical evaluation.
Results: Noradrenaline concentration was higher in fasted rats than in satiated animals at baseline.
Noradrenaline levels at the 20th minute were significantly decreased in both fasted-satiated groups
compared to control group (p=0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the 40th minute
noradrenaline values and dopamine-DHPG-DOP AC levels compared to control.
Conclusion: Systemic glucose administration decreased LHA noradrenaline concentration in fasted and
satiated rats. It can be mentioned that noradrenergic neurotransmission in LHA can be modulated by
plasma glucose.

Aim: To present a case in which the umbilical cord has the abnormality of including a single umbilical artery. Case report: The patient was 30 years old, has passed 6 pregnancy, 1 parturition, 4 abortions and has none alive children. At the 36 gestational week she was admitted to the clinic of obstetrics and gynecology and the patient was diagnosed as in utero ex fetus. After parturition of the dead fetus, placenta and the infant’s umblical cord was sent to the the clinic of pathology for examination. During the examinations, the absence of the right umbilical artery was determined. İn histopathologic investigation brain tissue congestion and vascular dilatation in places, necrosis areas, intestinal mucosa and liver necrosis and ali organs congestion have seen. Pathologic findings include lesions because of ischemic tissue perfusion insufficiency. Results: The abnormality of a single umbili­ cal artery especially the absence of right umbilical artery is rare. The abnormalities of umbilical cord are diag­ nosed easily during prenatal period by using doppler ultrasonography. The cases in which are diagnosed umbili­ cal cord abnormalities must be examined for chromosome abnormalities and congenital malformations.

Aim: The aim of this review is to evaluate recent literature regarding effects of nutrition on fetal development. Main findings: Previous studies show that maternal factors such as age, nutrition, and stress are able to have negative effects on fetal development during pregnancy. The role of maternal nutrition on human pregnancy is still unclear but undoubtedly crucial. The dietary recommendations for pregnant women before and during pregnancy are similar to those for other adults, with a few exceptions. The main recommendation is to keep a healthy and balanced diet; however, there are some specific recommendations related to daily supplementation of minerals and vitamins during pregnancy to reduce the risk of birth defects. Maternal nutritional status during the period of conception is an important determinant of fetal growth and development. The relationship between maternal nutrition and low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, and spontaneous abortus are reported in the literature. Furthermore, maternal nutritional factors associated with different kinds of birth defects such as neural tube defects, oral cleft, cardiovascular, central neural, respiratory, and urinary system defects. Result: Therefore, further researchs are need for the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal growth

Pollicization of the middle finger in a 3 year old boy with bilateral aplasia of the thumb, which is a rare condition, was performed with success. Application of a meticulous microsurgical technique and close follow-up with good rehabilitation regained the patient pinch and grasp functions together with an esthetically more reasonable hand.

Serum selenium levels were investigated in both 65 cases who are living where white muscle disease of lambs were often observed and 33 cases where the disease seen rarely. The selenium level was 60.425±11.727 in first group and 70.849±12.868 pıgli, in the second and statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.01). Particulary in the first group the selenium level was lower (han the values which reported as normal (78-320 !mit) selenium levels. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that low selenium levels can be an etiological cause for cardiovascular disease. Therefor it may be suggested that determination of coronary risk factors, incidance of coronary heart disease and fulfilling of prospective studies relatid with the subject would be usefil.

The elevations of serum creatine kinase myocardial bound (CK-MB) levels can be observed in children and suggest a myocardial injury. We determined serum CK-MB and cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) levels in 30 asthmatic children to assess cardiac injury at admission for exacerbation and two weeks later. Twenty healthy age-matched children served as controls. The CK-MB levels in admission for asthmatic exacerbation were higher than control group and than the levels of the same patients after exacerbation (p<0.05). There was found to be a positive correlation between the CK-MB levels and respiratory rate and a negative correlation between the CK-MB levels and oxygen saturation measured at admission. The effective factors on CK-MB levels was found to be respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. However serum cTn-I levels were found to be normal in allpatients including those with CK-MB elevation. In conclusion, CK-MB elevation may ocur in children with acute astma attack related to the stress on respiratory muscles.

In protein-energy malnutrition,some changes occur in all of the systems of body, however, in the endocrine system as well. The functional changes in the pituitary, pancreas, adrenal and thyroid glands are interesting. While the significant decreases in T3 and T4 hormones, rT3 (nonfunctional thyroid hormone) increases. This situation looks like a functional hypothyroidism.

Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis is a rare disease associated with late pregnancy and early postpartum. Autoimmune mechanism is blamed as cause. İt is frequent in females, and may be misdiagnosed as pituitary adenoma. 29 years-old -female with 2 children presented with headache follovving cryptic tonsillitis. Recently she had problems vvith her Vision. Clinical and radiological work up including magnetic rezonance imaging revealed a mass in the sellar and suprasellar region. She undervvent surgical decompression follovving functional hormona! studies. Histopathologic evaluation of the specimen was reported as lymphocytic hypophysitis. Differential diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis from that of adenoma is important in planning surgery. Relation to the pregnancy, a severe hypopituitarism, edematous anterior and posterior pituitary lobe are in favour of lymphocytic hypophysitis. But certain diagnosis is made via histopathologic diagnosis. İt is thought to be autoimmune in origin especially in pregnant or recently delivered vvomen. But in nonpregnant persons it may start or be aggravated after an infection as it is in our patient.

Tuberculosis is still an important public health problem in the World, especially, in undeveloped and developing countries. In this study, the primary diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis was reported from a 14 months old female patient. The patient applied to our clinic with complaints of refusing breastfeeding, fever, abdominal distention, vomiting and loss of weight, then, the patient was taken to emergency operation due to the acute abdomen. In the operation, cheese-shaped lesions on whole intestines were macroscopically observed. Its histopathological examination revealed intestinal tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment for patient who were not diagnosed in the early stage was lost. In this study, details related with clinical findings, diagnosis and curation were reported with the aim of making an awareness on this rare case.

In this research, the levels of iptal lipid, total cholesterol and phospholipids of 150 cord obtained from healthy newborns. Total lipid: 378.39 ± 88.02 mg % Total cholesterol: 106.48 ± 23.05 mg % Phospholipids: 139.67 ± 39.82 mg % These results vere compared with the other results belong to healthy adults and discussed.

The incidence of myoma uteri coexisting with pregnancy has increased with shifting of the child-hearing years ta the older ages. it has heen recommended tn treat these casus conservatively and ta avoid surgical approach (myo-mectomy) if possible

Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) is a rare disorder of unknown etiology, undefined incidence, and inconsistent classification. (1) MRS unilateral or bilateral peripheral facial paralysis recurrent attacks, orofacial edema, fissure in the language (lingua plicata) is characterized by a table. This syndrome have been in the giant cells in histological as multinuclear, together with increased inflammatory cells and dilated lymphatic channels are observed. (2) This syndrome is rare in childhood 2 of life and 3 decad is seen more often. It is rare to see a classic triad and often monosymptomatic or oligo symptomatic involvement is monitored. It is rare to see a classic triad and often monosemptomatik or oligo symptomatic involvement is monitored. Results with one or two of the biopsy is enough to recognize the existence granulomatous chelitis. (1,2) In this study we aimed to invstigate case with alone facial edema in terms of MRS.

We evaluated the effects of nasal administered flunitrazepam and rectal midazolam on preoperative anxiety in children of ages 1 to 12. 0.03 mg.kg-1 nasal fhtnitrazepam for group I (NF) and 0.45 mg.kg"/ rectal midazolam (RM) was given to group 30 min before the operation. The Subjective Numerical Anxiety - Sedation Scores (SNAS) were recorded before premedication and induction. Cardiovascular variables and respiratory complications were recorded during inhalational induction with isoflurane. Complications were more frequent in the NF group (% 58.33), although the SNAS scores were similar before premedication in both groups, before induction the anxiety scores in the NI,' group and the sedation scores in RM group were increased. A rise in heart rate (HR) was recorded in both of the groups (p<0.05), In the NF group a significant increase at the fifth minute (p<0.05) and a very significant increase during the first minute (p<0.001) occured in the systolic blood pressures (SBP), in the RM group a significant rise in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was recorded during the first minute. As a result, we have concluded that while nasal)) administered flunitrazepam is not a favorable premedication agent. rectal midazolam is effective and safe in children for premedication.

Aim: Taking pre-primary education into the scope of compulsory education, the agenda of the school has necessitated the planning and implementation of the school health by enlarging the scope of the study. Children in the pre-school education group are vulnerable to health risks and at the same time they may be exposed to various accidents in educational environments due to their developmental characteristics. This study aims to reduce the related risks and aims to contribute to increase the health literacy of preschool teachers. Patients and Methods: The trainings were completed on two full days by establishing the basic information about pre-school child health in the framework determined by the experts of the field and the training program including the determination of emergency situations and interventions. 83 pre-school teachers participated in the training program prepared for the implementation of a total of 106 pre-school teachers working in the Edirne Central District. The results of the study were obtained through the academic achievement test and personal information form, which was formed by the researchers and nine field specialists involved in the training program. The data of 59 participants who were able to complete the data tools in full and to perform pretest-posttest matching were included in the study. Results: In the study, it was found that the academic achievement of the teachers increased after the training (t(58)=17.27, p0.05) and marital status (t(58)=0.61, p>0.05) . Conclusion: With the training program applied to pre-school teachers, the level of health information about the children's health has been increased. This study, which is thought to support the participants' health literacy, is also expected to help the children who are educated to protect their health, to improve and to intervene when necessary, to better manage the processes in this frame. In order to achieve success in this area, the scope of the application should be enlarged and expanded, updated and maintained.

Bronchogenic cysts (BC) are rare congenital malformations arising during the development of the ventral foregut. Bronchogenic cysts form as a result of abnormal budding of the bronchial tree during embryogenesis (between 4th-6th weeks). Most bronchogenic cysts originate in the mediastinum, while 15% to 20% occur in the lung parenchyma. According to the literature, most intrapulmonary cysts occur in the lower lobes. But bronchogenic cysts are commonly found in the middle and superior mediastinum. The bronchogenic cyst in our patient was subcarinal. It was striking in terms of its giant size and laying on two hemithoraxes.The bronchogenic cysts are usually asymptomatic and often diagnosed incidentally during routine chest roentgenogram for other reasons.They may not be detected until adulthood. Our patient was 56 years old. She had no obvious symptoms . The patient was referred to our clinic because of cough,and her bronchogenic cyst was determined. Basic treatment of bronchogenic cyst consists of surgical excision. However, in cases where resection cannot be performed, the epithelium should be peeled as in our case.

In the course of infectious diseases in children, hematopoiesis and coagulation systems may be effected as a result of several pathological mechanisms. Some hematological problems may occur especially in infection term or in post infection term as a complication. Selection of an appropriate approach to hematological problems as well as infection treatment may be useful to reduce mortality and morbidity related to infectious diseases in children. In this review, hematologic manifestations of infectious diseases in children were evaluated in detail.

Chronlc myeloid leukemia accounts for 2-5% of cases of childhood leukemia. There are two types: adult type (A-CML) and juvenile type (J-CML). Juvenile type accounts for 18% of cases of the childhood myelodysplastic syndrome. Adult type is seen in the childhood period two fold of juvenile type. Leucocytosis, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone marrow elements in the periferic smear are the common findings. Skin rash, monocytosis, fetal hemoglobin above 10% and absence of Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome are the typical findings of J-CML and increase in the number of the megakaryocytic and eosinofilic series in the bone marrow, leucocytosis above 100.000/mm 3 and existence of Ph chromosome are the typical findings of A-CML. Since the chronic leukemia cases are rarely seen in the childhood period, we aimed to present two cases having mentioned symptoms, one of which is a 3 years old boy diagnosed as J-CML, the other is 4 years old boy diagnosed as A-CML.

Aim: In this study, examination of the index of cardiac-electrophysiological balance (iCEB) and of other
risk markers for cardiac arrhythmia in electrocardiography of children with acute rheumatic carditis was
aimed.
Patients and Methods: Forty pediatric patients with acute rheumatic carditis and 40 healthy children
matched in terms of gender and age were retrospectively enrolled in the study between January 2016
and August 2018. Demographic data of all cases were obtained from records. By electrocardiography, P
dispersion (Pd), dispersion durations of QT (QTd) and corrected QT (QTcd), Tpeak-to-end interval (Tpe),
ratios of Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc, and measurements of iCEB and corrected iCEB (iCEBc) were all
compared between the groups. Statistically significant dif ference was accepted as p< 0.05.
Results: In the patient and control groups, mean ages were 11.40±3.48 years and 11.41±3.31 years,
respectively. Both groups had 16 female (40%) and 24 male (60%) children. In the patient group, heart
rate, PR interval, Pd, QTd, QTcd, Tp-e, Tp-e/QT ratio and iCEBc were found to be significantly increased.
Though iCEB level was higher in the patient group, there was no statistically significant difference with
healthy controls.
Conclusion: In children with acute rheumatic carditis, repolarization-depolarization balance may be
impaired. Therefore, in addition to other electrocardiographic risk parameters for arrhythmia, use of
iCEB(c) may also be beneficial. However , further studies on this issue are needed.

Aim: To determine the course and the variations of radial nerve and its muscular branches in human fetuses. Material and Method: Radial nerve dissections were made on the 200 arms and forearms of 100 fetuses (50 males and 50 females). Length, thickness and distance measurements were taken by the same person using a 0.01 mm sensitive digital compass. Results: In all arms, primarily, the medial branch of muscular branch was separating from radial nerve. This branch was originating from posterior superior part of radial nerve in 153 arms (76.5%) and anterior superior part of radial nerve in 47 arms (23.5%). On forearms it was observed that the first branches of radial nerve reached to the brachioradialis muscle and extensor carpi radialis longus muscle. It was found that the motor branch which innervates extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle exit from deep branch in 48% of the arms, from radial nerve (separating location of the deep and superficial branches) in 42% of the arms, and from superficial branch in 10% of the arms. Also it was observed, in 26% of the cases, that a muscular branch originated from radial nerve and reached to the inferolateral segment of brachial muscle. It was found that there was no relationship between radial nerve and humerus body’s upper (superiorly 0.18) and lover (inferiorly 0.17) parts. Conclusion: The course, muscular branches, innervation patterns and variations of radial nerve should be well known by the specialists especially dealing with the local surgery of this region. In the fetuses, the knowledge of the spiral course of the radial nerve on the posterior face of humerus is crucial to determine the operation approach point, and this area is less safer than adults in the fetuses, according to our results.

2250 patients who vere diagnosecl calcilus stone disease admitted to the Urology Clinic of Medical Faculty of Dicle University, during a period of last 12 years (1970 - 1983), are presented. The patients with the stone disease are reported according to age, sex, localisation and region. Bladder stones are seen predoırıinanay in males, especially in, early childhood and common in our area.

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD-IV) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by a deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) activity. This results in the accumulation of abnormal glycogen in the liver and ot her organs. İn this study, the case of a 5-month-old female patient proven GSD-IV with percutaneous needle biopsy is reported and the importance of this disease among the causes of cirhosis in infancy is stressed.

Anthropometric measurements were perform ed to assess the physical growth and developmet of the prim ary school children. For this purpose; the body height and vveight, and head, thorax, ab­ domen, pelvis, upper and lover extrem ities related parts measurements of 356 prim ary school children were com plated and analysed statistically regarding sex and age. The results were also com pared with other studies from different part of the Turkey and possible factors vvhich might have contributed to the differences were discussed. We expect that our findings could be used a reference norm for grovvth and development in Konya and will be useful in the es- tablishm ent of the standart values of Turkish children body measurements.

Aim: Diarrhea is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in childhood, especially in developing countries. Dehydration related to diarrhea can be mortal if it could not be prevented. Mothers play important role in preventing children from diarrhea and replacing fluid and elect rolytes before the dehydration. Material and Method: Information levels of the mothers about diarrhea and oral rehydration solution were extracted from an questionnaire form. The results of the questionnaire were investigated according to socioeconomic, educational levels of the mothers. Results: In the study, 250 mothers’ answers (ages varied 17 to 50-years-old, median; 32-years-old) were evaluated. Seventy-seven (30.8%) of the mothers were from upper-socioeconomic-class 98(39.2%) were from middle-socioeconomic-class, and 75 (30%)were from lower-socioeconomic-class. Approximately, half of the mothers were graduated from primary school. 190 (76%) of mothers pointed out that diarrhea is a mortal disease and the most common protection practice is to be aware of hygiene, whereas 26.8% of the participants remarked that they did not have any idea for protection from diarrhea. The most common method that the mothers choose when their children had diarrhea was juicy drinks (55.6%), and application to medical center (24.4%). 93.6% of the mothers remarked that they should increased intake of juicy drinks and 88.4% remarked that they did not stop breast feedings when their children had diarrhea. Oral rehydration solution was known by 76.4% of the participants, and this knowledge had been achieved from a medical center (42%) and broadcast media (18.8%). Seven of the mothers (2.8%) had a history of child death related to diarrhea. Conclusion: Since diarrhea still remains one of the most common causes of mortality in childhood in the twenty-first century, the mothers must be instructed, and much time must be allowed in primary medical center and media for education about diarrhea. Unlabored achievement to oral rehidration solution must be provided for the parents.

We hospitalized and ireated 50 patients with burn injuries between 1983 and 1989. Of diem, 35 were children and 15 were adult. Twenty six children were in first decade. Of 50 patients, 34 adrnitted to the hospital early and 16 lately. Skin byopsies were useful in differential diagnosis of second and therd degree burn. There were second degree burn in 22 patients, third degree in 5 and second and third degree in 7. We applied surgical intervention to 27 patients and 5 early tangential excision and pulverised 10 percent of silver nitrate in early cases. Of 50 patients, 3 died and 3 developed psychiatric disorders requiring treatment. in order to prevent hyperirophic burn scar and contracture we used splint and pressure garrnents.

Aim: This cross-sectional study aims to determine job satisfaction of research assistants taking medical specialization education at Meram Medical School and factors that may be related to job satisfaction. Patients and Methods: A questionnaire consisting of Minnesota Job Satisfaction Scale and questions regarding demographic information is applied to 244 (80,2% ) physician assistants via face to face meeting. Results: 52.5% of participants were male, 55.3% of them were married and 29.1% had at least one child. Average of age was 28.42±3.02 years. Average number of night duties monthly was 6.53±4.10. 9.8% of research assistants had quitted a specialization education before. 60.6% of physicians were not content with their salaries. Overall satisfaction point average was 3.24±0.53, intrinsic satisfaction point average was 3.40±0.56, extrinsic satisfaction point average was found to be 2.97±0.62. Extrinsic satisfaction point averages of physicians working in basic sciences was found to be significantly higher than averages of physicians working in internal medicine and surgery branches. 33.2% of physicians were satisfied with working conditions, 44.3% with their chiefs’ behaviours towards employees, 84.4% with their colleagues. Overall satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction points of participants who graduated from medical schools in Konya were meaningfully higher than points of those who graduated from medical schools outside Konya. Conclusions: Improving the working environments and conditions of physicians having busy schedule, enabling them to have a voice in institution policies, increasing the wages will not only increase the job satisfaction level of research assistant physicians, but also the quality of service provided to patients.

In 0-72 months aging children with early childhood caries, general anesthesia is often preferred due to the following reasons; the non-cooperation based on age, anxiety development during the dental procedures and long treatment sessions. It is known that early childhood caries have a significant impact on the quality of life of child patients’ and their families’. In the assessment of quality of life scores, different questionnaires were developed for children and their parents. Today, Parental Perception Questionnaire and Family Impact Scale, which are composed of two parts including Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, is used for children under 6 years old age. This study included 158 patients who received comprehensive oral rehabilitation under general anesthesia in Necmettin Erbakan University, Department of Pediatric Dentistry and their parents. Demographic information and dmft values of the patients were recorded before the procedure. Parents were asked to complete the relevant questionnaire at the beginning of the procedure and at the 2nd and 4th weeks following the procedure. The data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS program. It was considered that if the effect size was greater than 0.7, a major change occurring in the data exchange. A statistically significant decrease in all values was observed after the treatments performed under the general anesthesia. The greatest reduction was found in the oral symptoms and functional status of the child. In conclusion, dental procedures performed under general anesthesia in children with early childhood caries appear to have a positive impact on the quality of life of patients and their families.

Theree cases with colorectal invagination were pre-sented. Both of them were incarcerated and one strangulated. Different surgical intervention cases applied ta each other. There was no complaint in both cases before intussuception except one and there was a villöz adenoma in the apex of invaginated mass in one case.

Theree cases with colorectal invagination were pre-sented. Both of them were incarcerated and one strangulated. Different surgical intervention cases applied ta each other. There was no complaint in both cases before intussuception except one and there was a villöz adenoma in the apex of invaginated mass in one case.

Aim: To compare patients applied with tracheotomy because of prolonged intubation before the COVID-19
pandemic and during the pandemic.
Patients and Methods: A retrospective examination was made of the records of 179 patients with a tracheotomy
opened following prolonged intubation in the Intensive Care Unit of Karaman Training and Research Hospital
between September 2018 and August 2021. The patients were separated into two groups as group 1 (n:80)
of patients with tracheotomy in the 18-month period before the COVID-19 pandemic (September 2018 –
February 2020) and group 2 (n:99) of patients with tracheotomy during the COVID-19 pandemic (March
2020-August 2021). The two groups were compared in respect of demographic characteristics, duration of
intubation, early and late complications associated with tracheotomy, and patient outcomes (exitus, discharge
to home, transfer to palliative and other wards).
Results: Group 1 comprised 45% females and 55% males and group 2 comprised 51% females and 49%
males, with no statistically significant difference determined between the groups in respect of gender. A
statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of age and the duration
of intubation (p<0.05). Tracheotomy-related complications were not determined to be significantly different
between the groups (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The patients in this study with a tracheotomy opened during the COVID-19 pandemic were
observed to be younger than patients with tracheotomy applied before the pandemic. In addition, the duration
of intubation was determined to be longer during the pandemic t han in the pre-pandemic period.

Neurogenic tumors ocur at all part of the body but most common site is the posterior mediastinum in thorax. In this study, the patients with neurogenic tumor were evaluated clinical and radiological signs in our hospital between January 1999 and December 2003. Of thirty patients were (11 male and 19 female) their range aged from 20 to 70 mean 41.7±11.8. Histological types were 17 (%57) neurofibromas. 7(23%) schwannomas, 4(13%) ganglioneurinomas, 2(7%) malign schwannomas. Twenty-four (80%) of neurogenic tumors were in posterior mediastinum and the others were in different areas in thorax.

The effects of excess all-trans retinoic acid on liver tissue were investigated in this study. Tvvelve adult male VVistar rats were used. The animal were divided into three groups. I. group: 20 mg/kg/day all-trans retinoic acid was given to rats (n:4) by oral gavage, during 15 days II.group: 40 mg/kg/day all-trans retinoic acid was given to rats (n:4) by oral gavage, during 15 days III.group: Pats were used as control (n:4) End of experimental study, rats were killed under ether anesthesia. Liver tissues were taken and fixed with Boin’s solution for light microscobic observation. Paraffin blocks were prepared and 5 mm sections were stained diffrent methods. Later, sections were examined with ligth microscope. İn the experimental groups, the cytoplasms of hepatocytes in the peripheral zone of liver lobules were stainless. Excess celi infiltration which were considered activated Kupffer cells, observed at the peripheral zone. Moreover, hepatic lobule structure of experimental groups were destroyed This findings were more serious for intake 40 mg/kg/day all-trans retinoic acid rats.

Aim of this study was to evaluate depression level of fathers whose children have monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis (pNE). Present study was a retrospective view of prospective recorded data. The multicentre study was conducted between April 2014 and August 2016, in family medicine, urology, and paediatric nephrology outpatient clinics and fathers of children with pNE were evaluated. We administered behavioural therapy with alarm device, first. Children who did not respond behavioural therapy were given oral/nasal desmopressin. World Health Organization quality of life (QoL) forms and Beck Depression inventory (BDI) were used for determining QoL and depression index of parents, respectively. A total of parents of 47 children including 21 (45%) girls and 26 (55%) boys with pNE were enrolled and evaluated before and at 6th month of the treatment. The mean age of children was 7.4±2.5 years. The behavioural therapy with alarm devices was successful in 29 children (61.7%). Additionally, 18 children (38.3%) received oral/nasal desmopressin. Only 3 boys were refractor to all treatments. Mean age of fathers was 29.0±2.2 years. Fathers’ BDI scores before and after children’s treatment were 17.3±9.8 and 15.7±9.2, respectively, (p<0.001). As a conclusion, anxiety scores were high in fathers of children with pNE. Treatment modalities could develop BDI scores in fathers who have children with pNE.

Drinking water is a significant source in mineral intake due to the fact that waterborne minerals are present in ionic form and are instantly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. However, up until now, no comprehensive research has been encountered about how levels of trace elements in drinking water are related with body compositions of the children. Thereupon, in this study, it was aimed to assess the relationship between clinically important trace element levels in public drinking water and body composition of the children in Batman. The universe of the study consisted of female children, at the age range of 13-18 (mean age 15.9±1.68), who were divided into overweight, obese and normal weight groups of 20 participants, according to body mass index (BMI) and percentile curves, and who applied to Batman Regional State Hospital Diet Policlinic. The levels of lithium (Li), nickel, lead (Pb), silicon, stannum, strontium (Sr), boron, aluminium (Al), barium and rubidium were measured in water samples obtained from municipality and individual wells by employing inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. Body composition measurements were performed by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis (Tanita BC 418). Li levels in drinking water showed significantly positive correlations with BMI, fat mass and fat percentage in all children. Similarly, Pb levels in drinking water showed significantly positive correlations with BMI, fat mass and fat percentage in children. Finally, Al and Sr levels in drinking water showed significantly positive correlations with body weight, BMI, fat percentage and several variables of body composition in children. According to the findings obtained, it may be suggested that there is a relationship between Li, Pb, Al and Sr contents in drinking water and body composition of children aged 13-18.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed whether biochemical parameters, vital signs and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio
(NLR) values could be used in determining the indication for intensive care hospitalization in COVID-19
patients.
Patients and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted in the emergency department
of a university hospital. Patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test who applied to our hospital on 1-31 July
2020 were included in the study. Laboratory results, demographic findings and clinical results of the patients
were collected electronically. The patients were divided into 3 groups as discharged, admitted to the service
or intensive care unit. The incidence and severity of symptoms, comorbidities, laboratory values, and NLR
values were compared between the groups.
Results: A total of 489 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the included patients was 48.69
+ 17.25 years, of which 260 (53.16%) were female. While 248 (50.9%) of these patients were discharged,
207 (42.3%) were taken to the service and 33 (6.7%) to the intensive care units. Age, heart rate, urea,
creatinine, CRP, D-dimer and NLR values of the patients admitted to the intensive care unit were higher
than the other groups, while oxygen saturation was statistically significantly lower in this group. Concomitant
systemic diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus, Essential Hypertension, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease were more common in those hospitalized in the intensive care unit. In multivariable analysis, oxygen
saturation (OR:0.803) and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (OR:1.09) were found to be independent predictors of
the indication for hospitalization in the intensive care unit.
Conclusion: As a result of our study, we think that especially low oxygen saturation and high neutrophillymphocyte
ratio can be used in determining the indication for intensive care hospitalization in patients who
apply to the emergency department due to COVID-19.

One of the ways for the child to get familiar with its surrounding environment and to build up relations with the same is bringing any possible object to the mouth for tasting. Thus, the children happen to swallow foreign bodies of sorts and sizes unimaginable. A great portion of the grown up children swallowing foreign bodies demonstrate mental deficiencies or psychological problems. The clinic symptoms may be coughing, dyspnoea, hoarseness, breathing difficulty, weakened respiratory sounds and hyper saliva in the mouth. The foreign bodies are usually coins. We want to share an alternative treatment in foreign body aspirations. In this article is demonstrated an alternative approach for foreign body aspiration in four years old patients with down syndrome. The patient developed no complications during the medical intervention and discharged under recommendations. Foreign body aspiration is common in childhood. The majority of foreign bodies are coins. Approach to foreign body aspiration in a patient’s clinical presentation, type of foreign bodies, inserted in the aspiration time and the response shall be decided to treatment according to the conditions. Approaching treatment is endoscopy, observation or operation. In emergency alternative methods can be used such as balloon extraction with foley catheter by experienced surgeons.

Experimental studies showed that recurrent exposure to sevoflurane can be toxic. İt may be either related with direct effects of this anaesthetic agent or with the degradation of sevoflurane by soda lime which is also known to produce toxic products. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated sevoflurane anaesthesia on kidney and liver in rats vvith or vvithout soda lime. After local ethical comitte aproval thirty adult VVistar rats vvere divided into three groups. The rats were placed in a specially prepared transparant plastic box. Group C was the control group. Theyreceived 100% O2 . İn the anaesthesia circle vvithout soda-lime sevoflurane in 2.5 -2 .7 % concentration vvith O2 (100 %) were administered directly in group S, vvhile the same gas mixture was applied through the soda lime in group SS. Bepeated anesthesia (five times) was applied to the rats for sixty nainutes vvith two days intervals. Blodd ürea nitrogene, creatinin, SGOT, SGPT and ALP levels were assessed from the blood sample. Follovving sacrifice, kidneys and livers vvere obtained from the rats for examination using light microscopy for histopathological evaluation and mean damage scores (MDS) of the specimens vvere calculated. SGPT values were higherin group S and SS vvhen compared vvith group C (p<0.05). There vvere only minimal changes in histopathological evaluation of liver vvhich was not statistically significant. The changes in BUN and creatinin levels vvere not significant among the groups. The MDS’s in renal tissues vvere significantly higher in group S and SS vvhen compared vvith group C, vvhile there vvere no dif- ferences betvveen group S and SS. İt vvas concluded that repeated exposure to sevoflurane has minimal effects in liver accord- ing to mean damage score and in the presence of soda lime, sevoflurane anaesthesia vvith 100 % oxygene did not signifi­ cantly increased histopathological damage to liver. The toxic effects of sevoflurane on renal tissue vvere greater in rats espe- cially vvhen sevoflurane vvas administered through the sodalime

The effects of starvation and refeeding on intestinal mucosa nere studied in ileum of rat intestine. Forty-two adult male rats nere used in this study. Animals nere divided into three groups. First groups of twenty-one rats nere starved for 1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11 and 14 days. Second group of fifteen rats nere refed after a period of starvation and then decapitated after 1, 2, 3, 5 and 12 days. Third groups of three rats nere used as control animals. Starved rats nere alloned to drink nater ad libitum. Control animals had free access to nater and to chon pellets until the time of killing. Animals nere neighed daily during the fasting period. Animals nere killed under ether anesthesia. Ileal sections nere stained. Ileal villi size nere measured by ocular micrometre. After 3-day fasting, villi heigth nas observed to be gradually decreased nith days of fasting. Body neigth and after 3-day-fasting villi heigth gradually decreased nith days of fasting. Lymphatics nere dilated (5, 9, 11 and 14 day fasting), blood vessels nere fulled up nith erytrocyte at the long term fasting (9, 11 and 14- day fasting). Paneth cells and their granules nere gradually increased nith days of fasting. Ileal villus nere determined to height increased after refeeding. Paneth cells and their dense granules nere persistent.

To determine the seropositivity ratios of hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C in pregnant women living in Kocaeli region. Three thousand seven hundred and fifty-six pregnant women who applied to Izmit Women and Child Health Hospital for delivery (vaginal delivery, cesarean) were included in this retrospective study. HBsAg, AntiHBs, Anti-HCV and Anti-HIV were detected by macro ELISA system in all pregnant women. Data were analysed with the SPSS statistical programme. Seropositivity of HBs-Ag, Anti-HBs and Anti-HCV were detected 2.2%, 3.7% and 0.3% respectively in pregnant. There were no pregnant women who have seropositivity with Anti-HIV. The results detected for seropositivity of hepatitis-B and hepatitis-C in Kocaeli region are similar to those found in other regions of Turkey.

Femoral shaft fractures are mostly seen in children and all cases of this condition require hospital admission. In school-age children (5 to 12 years), femoral fractures may be treated with elastic nails or spica cast. The current study aims to compare the outcomes of elastic nail to the immediate spica cast method for school-age children with femoral fracture. We evaluated the patients who had undergone immediate hip spica cast (IHSC as Group 1; n=31) or flexible intramedullary titanium nail (FITN as Group 2; n=31) for femoral fracture. Age, sex, cause of fracture, localization of the fracture, cost of treatment, times of hospitalization, radiologic and clinical assessment of femoral union, condition of the wound and soft tissue, times of union and walking were recorded. The mean followup was 58 (26-62) months. All fractures were healed. The time for weight-bearing and walking were shorter (39/52) in Group 2 than it was in Group 1 (52/63). In terms of cost, IHSC (114.99$) was cheaper than FITN (380.82$). Although IHSC is still a a widely accepted method of treatment, with the use of modern surgical techniques and implants, satisfactory outcomes of fracture healing can make FITN a better surgical option among all other treatments.

It is not possible to determine dysrhythmias at any time, because those may occur briefly and unpredictably throughout the day. Transtelephonic electrocardiography (TTE) allows arrival to the hospital by the phone line dysrhythmia at the time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of TTE in the diagnosis and treatment of dysrhythmias, especially seen intermittently, in pediatric patients. We retrospectively evaluated records of 121 children, followed-up in Pediatric Cardiology Unit between May 2003 and May 2006. The patients were age of between 4 months to 18 years (median age 12 ± 4.4 years). The most common presenting symptoms were palpitation (42.1%), chest pain (15.7%), palpitation together with chest pain (6.6%), syncope (5%), easy fatigability (5%) and also the research of drug efficiency (3.3%). The dysrhythmia findings were determined on TTE in 21 of 110 cases whose standard electrocardiographies were normal. On TTE, supraventricular tachycardia was observed in three of 25 patients with normal HM. The dysrhythmia was detected in 24% of TTE records (supraventricular extrasystoles, ventricular extrasystoles, sinusal tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, sinus pause, Mobitz type I atrioventricular block were detected in 11, 7, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 1 cases, respectively). Four patients were using drugs (verapamil in 3 and propranolol in 1) before TTE recordings. According to the TTE records, medical treatments were started in 10 patients with previously untreated (verapamil in 5, propranolol in 3, digoxin in 1 and also amiodarone in 1). Eventually, we suggest that HM is a usefull, reliable and non-invasive diagnostic method for the detection of dysrhythmias in patients with dysrhythmia suggestive symptoms and normal ECG. Additionally, TTE should be used in follow-up and treatment of the patients with some dysrhythmias, even undetectable with HM.

Scimitar syndrome is a rare congenital partial pulmonary venous return anomaly that is characterized with anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of the right sided pulmonary veins to the inferior vena cava or the right atrium. It may be accompanied with hypoplasia of the right lung with bronchial abnormalities, dextra position of the heart and systemic arterial supply to the lung. Radiologically, this anomalous vein appears as a scimitar-like shadow (Turkish Swords) on chest x-ray, and runs from the middle of the right lung to the cardiophrenic angle. In our report, we have presented a child with scimitar syndrome who was evaluated for recurrent lower respiratory tract infection.

Echinococcus multilocularis is an uncommon and life-threatening zoonosis caused by cestodes that is rarely encountered in children. A 7-year-old girl had for week been suffering from fever, maculopapular rush and right-sided upper abdominal symptoms not related to food intake. Laboratory tests were unremarkeble, except for an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (16/40 mm) and transaminases (ALT 42 Ü/L, AST 40 Ü/L) and eosinophilia (5%). Upper abdominal sonography revealed multipl cyst, about 2-3 cm in diameter, in the right liver lobe. The antibody titre against echinococcus antigen was 1:320. Preoperative and postoperative treatment consisted of the administration of albendazole (20 mg/kg/Daily twice a day) for two years. Albendazole was administered in 4-week cycles with intervals of 14 days. We report this case because this disease is very rare in childhood and oral albendasole is able to effective in the treatment.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronically relapsing skin disease that begins most commonly during early childhood. The prevalence of AD is increasing because of the alteration lifestyle and the disease effects life quality indifferently. In this study, subjects were 30 patients who were admitted to Dermatology Clinic of Selçuk University Meram Medical Faculty with the diagnosis of AD. There were 20 healty subjects as a control group, without any atopy history and have no clinical symptoms. Skin prick tests, composed of 51 materials; house dust mites, tree polens, grass polens, insects and mold were performed both groups. In this test histamin solution was positive and serum salin were negatif controls. Pricks tests were reactive mostly for house dust mites, mold, grass pollens and the other pollens in the AD group. In the healty group, there were reactive results for house dust mite and candida only in one subject. Serum total IgE levels elevated in 17 of 30 patients (56.7%) in AD group , and 2 subjects in the healty group (10%). Statistical analyses showed that, in the AD group, serum total IgE levels are significantly higher than healty controls (p

Abstract

Aim: Respiratory infections caused by PIV are related to major morbidity and hospitalization rates in infants and young children. The aim of the present retrospective study is to investigate the rate and seasonal distribution of PIV infections in pediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infections.

Patients and Methods: Nasopharyngeal swab specimens of pediatric in- and outpatients with the diagnosis of lower respiratory infection were collected from various pediatric clinics between January 2014 and December 2016. PIV types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were identified by multiplex real time PCR method.

Results: One of the four PIV types was identified in 224 of 1983 nasopharyngeal swab specimens of patients aged less than 18 years (11.3%). PIV-3 was the most common agent among the subtypes (75%) followed by PIV- 4 (15.2%). The rate of PIV-1 and PIV-2 were 5.8% and 4%, respectively. Of all pediatric patients, 75.9% were under 5 years of age. When the seasonal distribution was examined, it was determined that PIV-3 was frequently observed in summer (53.6%), whereas PIV-1 and PIV-2 were observed in autumn and winter months.

Conclusion: PIV-3 was the most common subtype. Prompt identification of PIV by multiplex real time PCR method would be very helpful for clinicians in the treatment and prevention of the respiratory infections caused by viral pathogens.

Among the fractures of the extremities in the pe-diatric age group, supracondylar fractures of the humerus are the second most common fracture after that of the forearm. Twenty-one patient, 3 girls and 18 boys, with a supracondylar fracture who had been applied open reduction and internal fixation were enrolled into the study. Their mean age was 9.04 years. After remove! of 6 weeks postoperative casting, the patients were applied wirlpool, ult-rasound under the water active- assistive and active range of motion exercise, for 10 sessions. Func-tional improvement after rehabiltation program was statistically significant (p<0.0002). We concluded that the rehabilitation of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children is a highly effective method in preventing complications and returning of normal function.

The cardiovascular involvement is the majör cause of mortality in the scorpion envenomation. Cardiac enzymes should be measured if patients with scorpion envenoming have symptoms related to cardiovascular system accompanied with local pain. Serum level of troponin I is a highly specific fort he myocardial injury. It may be allow early establishing of the cardiac involvement and starting to treatment. The using of troponin I as a follow-up criterion in the scorpion envenoming with cardiac involvement may be prevent from events that will ocur later. We presented a 7-year-old boy with scorpion envenoming.

Acute myeloid leukemia is the most common type seen in adults with 3-4/100000 incidence and accounting for %20 newly diagnosed patients each year. Patient may present with a broad variety of symptoms including low-grade fever, easy bruising, anemia, weakness in immune system. Cytogenetic analysis is a key component in diagnostic of acute myeloid leukemia. Chromosomal abnormality is present in the majority of malignant cells in acute myeloid leukemia patients. We presented a rare acute myeloid leukemia case with 46, XX del11q(13) karyotype organization.

14.941 patients applied for the Emergency Service of Department of the Medical Faculty of the Selçuk University betvveen 1st January 1998 and 31 st December 1998 Infection diseases were the most common problem, ac- counting 23% of ali upper respiratory infection diseases and accounted 48.4% of ali infection diseases. 52% percent of the children admitted to the emergency service were real cases and 11% percent of the children vvere those who vvere supposed to be real cases and 37 % percent the children vvere not real cases. Patients vvere mostly admitted to the emergency clinic in winter, especially in January and betvveen 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. According to their age levels, They were mostly betvveen at the age level of 5-12 years. If Emergency Medicine Services can be well organised and extended in our country vvhose half of population is children, the Standard of quality in the Units of Children Emergency will be increased.

In the 1984-1985 academic year, among 4065 students who were randomly selected from primary school children in Diyarbakır city center with a systematic sampling rate of 10%, the rate of rheumatic fever by using a questionnaire was found to be 9.1%. This rate is higher than the rates found in studies conducted in other regions of our country. When the anamnesis of these children were deepened retrospectively, the fact that at the time of diagnosis, most of the children had only extremity pain and no examination was performed, it was thought that some of these pains may have occurred due to reasons other than rheumatic fever. Because of the retrospective diagnosis, the rate of major findings was lower than that reported in the literature. The distribution of patients with rheumatic fever history and valvular lesions by gender did not show a significant difference in accordance with the literature. The distribution of children with valve damage by age has increased gradually in accordance with the literature. Valvule lesion was found in 1.2% in our study. These values ​​are lower than the values ​​reported from Iran, but higher than the values ​​reported in other developing countries and in our country. In the examination of valvule lesions, it was observed that, in accordance with the data in the literature, the most frequent mitral valve involvement was followed by aortic valve involvement. Again, in accordance with the literature, the most common type of valve lesion was mitral insufficiency. Unlike the difference reported in the literature, both mitral and aortic involvement did not differ significantly according to gender. In the retrospective examination of the anamnesis of the cases with valve involvement, no complaints were found by reducing rheumatic fever in 37.2% of the cases. This situation was attributed to the symptoms being mild and forgotten or the occurrence of carditis without other major findings.

Wilm’s tumor, the most common childhood renal cancer, is a heterogeneous renal tumor in which diffuse anaplastic or negative histology represents poor prognosis. In Wilm’s tumor pathogenesis, a large number of factors remain uncertain. For this reason, the disease continues to be the focus of further research. MicroRNAs are small, protein-encoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional stage. The role of microRNAs in cancer onset and progression has been demonstrated in most solid cancers. MicroRNAs also have a diagnostic potential, and microRNA-targeted treatment is a candidate for an important role in cancer treatment. In Wilm’s tumor, dysregulation of certain key oncogenic or tumor suppressor microRNAs, such as miR-17 ~ 92 cluster, miR-185, miR-204, and miR-483 has been documented. In this study, we will summarize the current evidence about the role of dysregulated microRNAs in the development of the Wilm’s tumor. The possible effects of MicroRNAs on the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of the Wilm’s tumor will also be discussed. Thus, an overview of the future place of microRNAs in the implementation of new treatment options will be presented.

This study was undertaken ta determine the safety af prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (PINI) as an indicator of metabolic response to surgical stress, and whether there is a relationship between PINI and post-operative morbidity in children. Thirty-two patients who were performed appendectomy were enrolled in the study. Of the pafients 17 had acute appendicitis (Group 1) and 15 had gangrenous or perforated appendicitis (Group 2). Serum albumin (AL), prealbumin (PA), c-reactive protein (CRP) ve alpha-1 acid glicoprotein (AGP) values were measured pre-operatively (-1), on postoperative day 1 (+1), and postoperative day 3 (+3) in all patients. Mean PIN1-1, PINI+1, and PIN1+3 values were calculated by using these parameters. In grup 1, mean PINI-1, PINI+1, and PIN1+3 values were fonud 5.6±3.9, 15.6±7.8, and 5.8±3.6, respectively (p< 0.0001). In group 2, the same values were 25.2±16.4, 47.2±-28.1, and 43.9±24.2, respectively. The difference between PIN1-1 and PINI+1 was found statistically significant (p<0.0001) while there was no significant difference between PIN1+1 and PIN1+3 (p>0.02) in group 2. Mean PINI values were fonud higher in group 2 compared with group 1, and the difference between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). These results suggest that PINI is a cafe and valuable index for determination of metabolic response to sur-gical stress in children, and postoperative follow-up of surgical patients.

This study included 102 leukemic and lympho,rıa patients tit ho were ıreated in Internal Medicine pediatric Clinic of Selçuk University Medical Faculty and Ilematology Clinic of İbn-İ Sina Hospital of Ankara University. CMV-IgM and 1gG antibodies were investigated with the enzyrne-linked immunosorbent assay (ELİSA) rnethod on the blood saınples, The serologic examinations were made in Alicrobiology ELİSA taboratory of Selçuk University Medical Faculty. The finding.s- in 69 leukernic and 33 iyınphoma patients compared tere control group. CA1V-IgM seropositivity was found in 7 lebtkernic palienis (10.15%) and 1 lyınphoırıa patienı (3,03%). CMV-1gG seropositivity waz found in 35 leukeınic patients (50,72%) and 13 lymphoına patients (39,39%). CMV-IgM sero-positivily of control group was found in 1 patient (2';;> and CMV-1gC sepropositivity was found in 25 patients (50%, seropositivity wa? Pyr,nd in 2 paıienis (6.25[70) and CMV-IgG in 13 pa-tients (40.63%) 'vere not (reale(' with cyto(atic ::-1ceıno0;crapy. scropositivily was

Same cases in mother and children group are more vulnarable to body constitution, social and economical conditions. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was estabhs. hed in Konya Maternity and Children Ileahh Center in 1987. The aim of the research was if there was any correlation between rnother age, educational level and famiiy income and among mother and newborn health. If the mother age was 35 and plus, urınary infection, anernia and other pregnancy complication were increased (p<0.01). Pregnancy interval was langer alsa for age of 35 and plus (p<0.05). Educational level of rnothers was reversely correlated with the number of pregnancy (p<0.01). Pregnancy and labor numbers was effected by mother educational level. Family income was not effect on newborn weight, number of pregnancy and abortions (p>0.05).

İn order to evaluate the role of C. pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children and effects of clarithromycin therapy, 25 children with asthma exacerbation were enrolled in the study. Twenty-five sex and age matched children without any history of respiratory tract infection in last three months and atopy served as control group. Serum samples for the determination of C. pneumoniae spesific IgG and IgA antibody leves of C. pneu­ moniae were taken on admission with acute exacerbation and 4th and 12th weeks after exacerbation in asthmatic children. One serum sample was collected from Controls. Appropriate acute exacerbation therapy and clarithromycin 15 mg/kg body weight/day for 10 days were given ali asthmatic children. The prevalance of C. pneu­ moniae spesific IgG and IgA was similar in asthmatic children during acute exacerbation, at 4th and 12 th weeks after exacerbation and in Controls (p > 0.05). VVhen C. pneumoniae spesific antibody lndex values were evaluate in the asthmatic children after treatment, significantly decreases were detected in IgG levels (p<0.05). Our results suggest that C. pneumoniae infections is not an important cause of acute asthma exacerbations in children, however the antibody index values of IgG were significantly decreases with clarithromycin therapy.

In this study the toxic effects of formaldehyde to lungs and protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids against these toxic effects were investigated at histological and biochemical levels. For this purpose, 21 adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Rats in group I were used as control. Rats in group II were injected with formaldehyde every other day. Rats in group III Daily received omega-3 fatty acids with injection of formaldehyde. At the end of 14 days experimental period all rats were killed by decapitation. The lung tissue specimens which were taken from the rats were examined under light microscope after performing the routine histological procedures. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in the lung specimens by using spectrophotometric methods. In our study in rats whom formaldehyde was given a statistically significant increase in the levels of SOD, XO and MDA was determined when compared to control group. A significant decrease in the level of CAT was also detected. In the light microscopic examination of this group, bleeding areas in interstitium, hemosiderin loaded macrophages and ephitelial spilths on terminal bronchiales was observed. It was determined that the histological variances which caused by formaldehyde exposure were decreased in ratswhom received omega-3 fatty acids along with formeldehyde. In addition a decrease in SOD, XO, MDA levels and an increase of CAT levels were determined. Asa result, it was determined that damage accured in lung tissue of rats exposured to formaldehyde and this damage was prevented by the application of omega-3 fatty acids.

236 (5.2%)nosocomial infections were detected in 4468 patients hospitalised in our newborn unit in Medical Fa- culty, Selçuk University between 1992 and 1996. 169 (71.6 %) of the infections detected were in prematüre ba- bies while 67 (28.4%) of them in mature babies and that numbers corresponded 11.5 percent and 2.2 res- pectively. The most common infection was sepsis (73.1%) and others such as menengitis (19.3%), pneumonia (3.4%) and others (4.2%) followed it. At least one microorganism growed in 32 (13.5%)specimens obtained from various body fluids. 9 (28.1%) of the miroorganisms were Klebsiella spp. and 8 (25.0%) of were E.coli Mortality rates of the infections were 87.5% for pneumonia, 61.5% for sepsis, 8.7% for menengitis and 60.0% for others, which corresponded an average mortality rate of 51.6 %.

Aim: Pediatric age period has a dynamic structure for nevogenesis. In this paper, it was aimed to contribute to recognition of banal and atypical nevi through examining dermoscopic pattern and pigment network structures of acquired melanocytic nevi in pediatric age group. 
Patients and Methods: One hundred and fifty pediatric volunteers who were not predisposed to nevogenesis were included in the study. Children were divided into two groups as 7 and under, and 8 and over. 
Results: It was observed that the mean number of nevus was higher in the older age group (9.72) than in the younger age group (3.44). It was observed that the predominant pattern structure was globular pattern in both groups, and nevi with reticular patter in the age group of 8 and above were more than the age group 7 and below (p = 0.03). In both groups, nevi with globular pattern were found to be denser in the trunk and nevi with reticular patter in the extremities (p = 0.001). When the pigment network structures of nevi were examined, it was observed that the most frequently observed pigment network was uniform, but nevi with central pigmentation changes were observed more frequently in the age group of 8 years and older (p = 0.001).
Conclusion: Although acquired melanocytic nevi in the pediatric age group often have a globular pattern and uniform pigment network, the number of nevi with reticular pattern and central pigmentation changes increases with increasing age. 

Aim: In this pre-and post- study, we aimed to compare changes in urological consultations and emergencies
between before and after the pandemic at the same time period o f 2019 and 2020 as two groups.
Patients and Methods: Patient files were retrospectively screened and numbers of consultations, surgeries
and admissions were evaluated. The two groups compared in terms of triage color codes, and final decisions.
Patients’ demographic data such as age and gender, triage color code, consultation order clinic, type of visit
(regular vs control), and operational data (type of surgery, prophylaxis status, place of OR etc) were recorded.
Results: A total of 89,674 patients presented to the emergency department in the 50-day period in 2019 and
53,745 patients in the same period of time in 2020. The number of patients presenting to the emergency
department decreased by 40.07% within the same period compared to the previous year. The percentage of
patients with the green triage code was decreased in 2020 by 30% compared to 2019, while the percentage
of yellow triage code was increased in 2020 by 28.9% compared to 2019. There was a dramatic fall in urology
visits in 2020 by 85.91%.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, and it seems likely to continue for some time, despite
all efforts including vaccination programs and novel drugs that will also become available in a short time. The
number of patients cosulted with urology outpatient clinic has decreased during the pandemic.

We investigated the nature and the course of poisoning for 106 children who were adrnitted to Selçuk University Research and Training Hospital, Konya from 1983 to 1990, inclusive. Most patients were either 6 years old or younger. The poisoning cases were coincided with the surnmer months. The drugs were found ta be the leacling catıse of the child poisoning (%56).

Aim: We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of asthma and atopic diseases in preschool education centers in Afyonkarahisar. Material and Method: Of the 1288 children in 41 preschool education centers in Afyonkarahisar, 1084 children, whose parents have approved the study, were accepted. A standard questionnaire interrogating sociodemographical status, presence and risk factors of asthma and atopic diseases was filled by the parents of the children. Results: The mean age of 1084 children was 5.7 ± 0.7 (3-6), 505 (46.6%) of them were girls and 579 (53.4%) were boys. The prevalence of asthma was 3.1%, allergic rhinitis 5.0% and eczema 1.8%. Presence of asthma or an atopic disease in the family was significantly higher in the group with asthma (44.1%) than without (25.5 %)(P=0.015). Intake of breast milk in the infancy was significantly low in the group with asthma (P=0.039). Presence of an allergic disease in the family was found to cause a 2.3 folds and absence of breast milk intake a 2.7 folds increase in the risk for asthma. In the children with asthma, wheesing and allergic rhinitis frequency was significantly high. While there was no difference in froguency of eczema. Conclusion: Presence of an allergic disease in the family and a bsence of breast milk intake in the infancy was found as significant risk factors for asthma in 3-6 age children in pre-school education centers.

Aim: İn this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of vvorking status of mothers on breastfeeding and using additive food for feeding. Methods: The study vvas consisted of 458 mothers (302 housevvives and 156 vvorking women) having at least 12 months old children. The population samples chosen by using a formula vvere select- ed in tvvo steps. İn the first step, the cluster sampling systematically based on population localities. İn the second step, the mothers of children living in day-center vvere taken into the survey population. Data vvere obtained via çuestonnaire techniçue by intervvieving. Results: The ratio of mothers vvho continued educating after primary school vvas 25% of housevvives and 96% of vvorking mothers. The median of breastfeeding period in housevvives vvas 12 months, but in vvorking mothers it vvas 8 months. This difference vvas significant. The ratio of initiation time of using additive food for feeding before the first four month in vvorking mothers vvas tvvo-fold than that in the house- vvifes. One third of mothers started to feed their babies with commercial supplement foods. The ratio of housevvife mother, starting vvith fluid of home made meal, vvas higher than in vvorking mothers. Conclusion: VVorking moth­ ers could be supported for breastfeeding their babies for longer period. İn addition, increasing education levels of female population and education on infant feeding may encourage to positive attitudes for giving the supplement­ ed food and breastfeeding in population.

To determine the distribution and association with demographic variables of breast complaints of women in Early Diagnosis-Scanning and Education Centers (KETEM). Electronically kept data in Konya KETEM was analyzed by omitting personal information via SPSS package software in 2011. Dependent and independent variables were demographic features and breast complaints. Descriptive statistics were used, and logistic regression analysis was performed step by step to define the correlations. Mean age of women applying to KETEM between 2007 and 2010 was 44±12 years, and 92% were of social security. Median age of first menstrual cycle was 13 years, median number of living births was 3, and median total duration of breastfeeding was 36 m. The rates of OKS use, smokers, obesity and vegetative life style were 9%, 7%, 33% and 2%, respectively. The rates of mammography and self-checked breast examination were 32% and 18%, respectively. 44% had any kind of breast complaints, and 8% had a history of experienced breast disease. While the existence of complaints was associated with age, height, number of living births, total breastfeeding duration and type of nutrition, experienced breast disease was related to height and smoking (at least, p

in this study 459 boys and 427 girls irr 0-8 age-group are included. Weight distributions of the fooi has been theoritically calculated by rneans of various anthropoınetric frneasures ta ken on the chil-dren's feet. Thus, it has been deterrnined chat calcaneal and rnetatarsal weight distribution varies with age. The differences between the values related to the weight distribution doesn't ,alay an important role in sexes. As the age advances, bodyweight exerted to to the rnetatarsal side increases whereas it decreases to the calcaneal side.

From stools of 113 childiren, who carne owing to complain of diarı-hoea to ouı- outpatient depaı-tment. microbiolojic cultures have heen made to identify the etiologic agent. From this cultures, 28.3 % Ro-tavirus has heen identıfied. The otheı- agents were S. typhimurium (10.6 %), EPEC (7 %), S. flexneri (2.7 %), Candida (0.8 %) and Giaı-dia (0.8 %). C jejuni has heen searched, but from nobody could be ide-ified. 83.2 % of this childı-en wer-e 1-12 monts old. In autumn, the incidence qf pathologic agents were sig-nificantly higheı- as in winter (p< 0.05). According to our fiı-ıdings, diarrhoea is stili an important di-sease among the childiren who are 0-2 vears old and the rotavirus is the most fi-equent cause of di-arrhoea rn childiren, specially in cold seasons.

Fifty patients with atopic dermatitis and 25 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Prick and patch tests were applied. Serum IgE and eosinophilia levels were measured, Relationship between IgE, eosinophilia and prick-patch test was investigated. Prick and patch tests were positivite in 27 (54%) and 22 (44%) respectively. Serum total IgE levels were elevated in 28 patients (56%) and eosinophilia was found in 9 patients (18%). Total IgE levels were elevated in 70.4 % and eosinophilia was found in 29 % of prick positivite patients. 50 % of patch positivite patients had elevated serum total IgE levels. Eosinophilia was found in 13.6 % of them. There was a statistically significant difference in the results of patch test between study and control groups (P=0.032). Prick, patch test and elevated serum total IgE levels were found in 36 %, 16 %, 4% in the control group, respectively. Eosinophilia was not seen. When total IgE and eosinophilia levels in the study and control group were compared, statistically significant relation was found (P=0.000) (P=0.025).

Objective: Most of the renal neoplasms are the epithelial and malign ones. The renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the most frequently seen malign renal tumor, consists of 2-4% of all the malign tumors seen among adult individuals and 80-90% of all the malign renal tumors. RCCs peak at sixties and seventies and its prevalence among males is two folds of its prevalence among females. RCCs have bad prognosis. The recurrence is seen in 40% of the cases, and the metastasis despite the early diagnosis was detected in 50% of cases. In present study, it was aimed to distribution of renal tumors in our hospital, discuss the prognostic factors such as the, pathological stage, nuclear grade and tumor diameter accompanied by literature information.

Patients and Method: By retrospectively scanning the records of Pathology Department of Medical Faculty, Fırat University, for the period between 1988 and 2009, 140 renal tumor cases were determined and the previous diagnoses, histological degrees, pathological stages of these cases were evaluated and the final diagnoses were taken as base in the present study. In pathologically staging (pT) of RCCs, TNM classification was used, whereas Fuhrman nuclear grading (FNG) was used in nuclear grading procedure. The patients were divided into different groups based on their genders and ages. The statistical analyses were performed in SPSS-12.0 software by using Chi-Square and Correlation tests.

Results: When compared to the literature in terms of the mean age, the present study involves relatively young population (mean age 57), and the majority was male (male/ female:1.1). The distributions of renal tumours, malign and benign subtypes, and RCC subtypes show similarities with the general literature. When examining the RCCs statistically, no significant relationship was found between diagnosis and age, and between nuclear grade and tumor diameter (p>0.05). In the present study, the RCCs with largest diameter were papillary type (9,78cm) ones, whereas the RCCs with lowest diameter values were classic type. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the benign, borderline and malign tumor diagnoses and diameters (p= 0.023). It was determined that approximately one-four of RCC cases were in highly pathological stage (21,6%, pT3a-3b). A direct proportional and statistically significant relationship was found between nuclear grade and diameter (p=0,002).

Conclusion: RCCs have poor prognosis and their frequency is increasing. Pathological stage, nuclear grade and diameter are the leading factors affecting the prognosis. As in our study, in retrospective studies involving old ages and not enough sampling, tumor diameter may be used as an alternative prognostic factor for pathological staging in tumors with a stage above pT2.

Aim: The prolonged process of new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and related restrictions cause
physical inactivity, fear of COVID-19, and fatigue in individuals. During the pandemic, kinesiophobia may
raise fear of death and physical inactivity in patients. However, kinesiophobia and its relationship with
physical activity (PA), fear of COVID-19, and fatigue in individuals have not been known yet, which was
therefore aimed to investigate in the current study .
Patients and Methods: Adult individuals (n=166, 36.3±15.37 years) were included in the study.
Kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), PA levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-
Short Form), fear of COVID-19 (Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCS-19)), and fatigue (Numeric Rating Scale)
were evaluated remotely between 3 June 2021 and 30 June 2021 th rough an online platform.
Results: Of the individuals, 91 (54.8%) had a high level of kinesiophobia, 55 (33.1%) were inactive, 84
(50.6%) were minimally active, and 27 (16.3%) were very active. Kinesiophobia score was significantly
correlated with age, weight, body mass index, education level, and walking, total PA, FCS-19, and fatigue
scores (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Kinesiophobia and physical inactivity are prevalent in many individuals. Although individuals
have no disease during the COVID-19 pandemic, their kinesiophobia level increases as walking, physical
activities, and education levels decrease. Kinesiophobia also increases as age, weight, body mass
index, fear of COVID-19 and fatigue increase. Considering the negative effects of kinesiophobia and the
prolonged pandemic process, individuals should be urgently dire cted to P A counseling programs.

Quantitative assessment of ventricular function in patients with congenital heart disease is often challenging due to distorted ventricular geometry. A myocardial performance index (MPI) has been reported in adults and children that is a Doppler-derived non-geometric measure of ventricular function. The MPI measures the ratio of isovolumic time intervals to ventricular ejection time. The effects of altered ventricular preload or afterload on the MPI have yet to be determined. This study was designed to determine the impact of altered preload on left and right ventricular MPI nin the clinical setting of atrial septal defect (ASD). The left and right ventricular MPI were measured in 17 patients with ASD (ages 6 to 148 months, median 24 months) and 24 normal children (ages 3 to 160 months, median 17 months). In patients with ASD and control groups, the left ventricular MPI was 0.38±0.16 and 0.32±0.09 and the right ventricular MPI was 0.24±0.15 and 0.20±0.08 respectively. No significant change in the left and right ventricular MPI was seen in patients with atrial septal defect and control groups. This study documents that the MPI is a quantitative measure of ventricular function that is appears to be relatively independent of changes in preload.

Aim: We aimed to evaluate surgical procedure carried out to an 8 years old child, clinically diagnosed as Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP), undergoing intussusception repair, because of allergic vasculitis, erythamatose maculopapuler rashes, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain and intussusception, under the light of literature data. Case Report: An eight years old and a male child was consultated because of his biliary vomiting, nausea and diffuse maculopapuler rushes which were localised especially in lower extremites. The symptoms of HSP were observed at histopathologic examination of skin. On examination, the symptoms of acute abdomen, which were characterised with diffuse tenderness and distansion, hipoactive intestinal sounds and abondant biliary drainage from nasogastric tube, were identified. The pneumatic and hydrostatic reductions were not performed because of the risk of perforation due to severe peritonitis and his poor general condition. The patient was operated on after preoperative resuscitation. During the explorative laparatomy, edema and the symptoms of insufficient vascularisation in all intestinum were present. Also, it was observed that approximately 20 cm’s intestinal segment which begins from 10 cm proximal of ileocaecal valve, had been necrotic and ileostomy was carried out after resecting this segment. Meanwhile, it was observed that the whole intestine was edematous and localised blood circulation was distorted in some areas. The patient was operated on to make bridectomy when evisceration and brid ileus occurred on postoperative eleventh day, and the ileostomy was closed at the same session. The patient was delivered with complete recovery 16 days after closing of ileostomy. Conclusion: Although HSP is rarely seen as the cause of acute abdomen, too serious complications of this disease must be kept in mind.

A 9 - year - old girl and a 69 - year - old male with xanthofranulo-matous pyelonephritis vere presented. A 9 - year - old girl had an abdo-minal mass, which, was suspected of being a Willm's Tumor. xanthogranu-iomatous Pyelonephritis occurs in patients of al/ ages. Patients usually have a large non - functioning kidneys with, ealeuli. The females are pre-dominant. Xanthogranu/omatous Pyelonephritis in the ehildren is a rare phenomenon. xanthorganu/omatous Pyelonephritis is always associated with infee-tino (usually proteus) and there are some signs of obstruction. There has never been reported bilaterally.

Serum zinc and copper levels were investigated in 14 pituitary dwarfism cases and 14 control groups who applied to the Selcuk University Medical Faculty Pediatric Outpatient Clinic between July 1986 and June 1987. The relationship between the calendar age and bone age was examined. Zinc levels in patients with hypoglycemic dwarfism averaged 69.286-T 3.086 ugr / 100 ml., In the control group 79.429: F-3.291 ugr / 100 ml. found as. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. (P <0.05). Serum bacterial levels averaged 133.286-T8.754 ugr / 100 ml in the patient group and 100.813 = 7-4.845 ugr / 100 ml in the control group. found as. The difference between the two groups was found to be statistically significant. (P <0.01).

Title : A case of cytomegalovirus infection mimicking total parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis.\r\n\r\nCongenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common infection that passes trough transplacentally in the early infancy period and is the most common infectious cause of the nonhereditary sensorineural hearing loss. We know that most of these cases were asymptomatic in the neonatal period. Especially among the extremely low birth weight infants, CMV prevalence is not known. We present a 29 weeks old 460 gr extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant with congenital CMV infection mimicking total parenteral nutrition (TPN) associated cholestasis. Usually, when we see the cholestasis in the extremely low birth weight infant feeding with long time TPN, we think that it is associated with TPN. Direct hyperbilirubinemia and cholestasis are the common situations in the newborn period. Especially this is considered to be associated with sepsis, TPN, galactosemia, inborn errors of metabolism and other causes. CMV- associated cholestasis should be kept in mind, especially in cases of premature infants with cholestasis and extremely low birth weight infants have been fed for a long time TPN.

This is a group of Progressive renaldisorders that usualy have their onset in childhood. The common characteris- tic is the peresence of a variable number of cysts in the medulla associated with significant cortical tubular atro- phy and interstitial fibrosis. Although the presence of medullary cysts is important, the corticaltubulointerstitial dam- age is the causeof the eventual renal incufficiency. İt has four variants: 1- Sporodic, nonfamilial (% 20); 2- Familial juvenile nephronophytisis (% 50), inherited asa recessive disease; 3- Renal - retinal dysplasia (% 15), recessively inherited and associated with retinitis pigmentosa; and 4-Adult onset medullary cystic disease, dominantly inherited (%15). The case had shown the view of sporadic nonfamilial variant of UMCD and was presented because of the rarity in literatüre it.

This study included 102 leukemic and lymphoma patients who were treated in internal Medicine Clinic, pediatric Clinic of Selçuk University and Ileınatolog,y Clinic of İbn-i sina Hospital of Ankara University. toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies were investigated with the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISI%) ınethod on the blood saınples. The serologic examination was made in Micro-biology ELISA laboratory of Selçuk University. The findings in 69 leukemic and 33 lymphorna pa-tients cornpared with the control group. toxoplasma IgM seropositivity was found in 3 leukemic patients (4.35%) and 2 lyrrıphorna patients (6.06%). Toxoplasma IgG seropositivity was found in 34 leukeınic patients (49.28%) and 14 lyrrıphorna patients (42.42%). Toxoplasma IgG seropositivity of control group was found in 24 patients (46%). Alt control pers-ons were seronegative for toxoplasma IgM antibody. Toxoplasına 1gM seropositiVity was found in 1 patients (3.13%) and IgG in 14 pa-tients (43.75%) who were not treated with cylostatie chemodıerapy, toxoplasma IgM seropositivity was found in 4 patients (5.71%) and IgG in 34 patients (48.57%) in the patients who were treated

26 children who had displaced Supracondylar fractures of the humerus were treated by open reduction and crossed Kirschner-wire fixation. There was one superficial infection and there were there cubitis varus deformity (% 14). The other specific complications (Such as mvositis ossifikans, Volkmann's contracture, neurovascular injury) were not encountered.

26 children who had displaced Supracondylar fractures of the humerus were treated by open reduction and crossed Kirschnerwire fixation. There was one superficial infection and there were there cubitis varus deformity (% 14). The other specific complications (Such as mvositis ossifikans, Volkmann's contracture, neurovascular injury) were not encountered.

Tuberculosis remains to be a serious public health problem in our country and all over the world. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis causes major clinical problems because of difficulties encountered in the differential diagnosis. In this case report, we aimed to discuss a case of tuberculous lymphadenitis mimicking mediastinal tumor in chest CT and PET-CT examination. Eighty years old female patient with right paratracheal enlargement in the chest radiography was admitted to our hospital. Thorax CT and MR imaging was supporting this expansion as concordant with the mediastinal tumor. The PETCT showed increased FDG uptake in favor of malignant masses. However, mediastinoscopic biopsy was reported as tuberculous lymphadenitis and antituberculous therapy was started. It should be kept in mind that even in adults patients, tuberculous lymphadenitis should be thought in differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses suspecting malignancy with imaging techniques and also it should not be forgotten that tuberculous lymphadenitis may be presented with elevated FDG uptake at PET-BT.

Aim: This review sought to determine the relationship between cyanosis and hematological signs and findings. Main finding: Patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease are succeptible to develope hematological side effects. Several findings, including polycytemia, thrombocytopenia, factor deficiencies, iron-deficiency anemia and disseminated intravasculary coagulation have been reported. Decreased arterial oxygen saturation in cyanotic congenital heart disease causes compensatory kurise in hemoglobin and haematocrit levels. Erythrocytosis is an adaptive response to improve oxygen transport in cyanotic congenital heart disease. However, at highly increased haematocrit levels patients may experience hyperviscosity symptoms. Iron-deficiency in cyanotic congenital heart disease patients is often overlooked due to elevated hemoglobin concentrations. The detection of a hemostatic abnormality and its correction by appropriate therapy are likely to minimize the side effects. Results: Children with cyanotic congenital heart disease are prone to both thrombosis and hemorrhage. Hematological management of cyanotic congenital heart disease has received little attention. The lack of practical therapeutic guidelines forced us to consolidate our observations on patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Adult respiratory distress syndrome is an advanced degree of distressing respiratory failure in adults. Various factors play a role in this clinical picture. Although respiratory failure associated with trauma and shock has been reported since the beginning of the twentieth century, the definition of respiratory distress seen in adults is very recent. In 1967, Asbaugh et al. Described this entity with its clinical and physiopathological features.

In this work we searched tinnitus prevalance and personality charecteristics of tinnitus sufferers. Tinnitus prevalance was found 20.13 % in the adult population. This result is not different in the tinnitus literature.

Introduction: Our aim is to evaluate the cardiac involvement of Neurofibromatosis type 1  patients in our region and to compare them with other clinical findings. In this study, we wanted to show the frequency and variety of cardiac involvement.

Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with Neurofibromatosis type 1  in Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Medical Faculty Pediatric Neurology Clinic between 01/09/2019 and 01/09/2020 were included in the study. The patients included in the study were examined by a Pediatric Cardiology Specialist, and echocardiography and electrocardiography were taken. Demographic information, examination findings, brain magnetic resonance images were collected from the files of the patients. Electrocardiography and echocardiography were examined and recorded by the Pediatric Cardiology Specialist.

Results: We accepted 17 patients from our center to the study. Six patients (35.3%) were diagnosed with sporadic Neurofibromatosis type 1, while 11 patients (64.7%) had familial Neurofibromatosis type 1. All of our patients had cafe au late spots on the skin. In addition, 10 (58.8%) patients also had axillary and / or inguinal freckles. We detected optic glioma in 3 of our patients with ocular involvement, and lish nodules in 3 of them with papillary edema. When we looked at central nervous system involvement, we encountered various involvements in brain MRIs of 8 (47%) patients. In our cardiac examination, we found QT length in 1 patient’s electrocardiography. In the echocardiography we performed for the detection of cardiac structural pathologies, we detected nodular appearance compatible with subendocardial neurofibroma in 3 patients, mitral insufficiency in 3 patients, patent foramen ovale in 1 patient, atrial septal defect in 1 patient, and bicuspid aorta in 1 patient.

Discussion: In our study, unlike the literature, subendocardial nodular hyperechogenic appearance was present in 3 patients. Although these findings are quite rare, subendocardial nodular hyperechogenic images in 3 of our 17 patients suggest that this pathology may be more common. In addition, one of our patients had a long QT. As far as we know, this is the first case of Neurofibromatosis type 1 and Long QT syndrome. In conclussion; Cardiac involvement in patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 could more common than mentioned in the literature.

In this article Friedreich's ataxia cases that ob-served in two childs of a family with consanguine-ous marriage. One of diem a girl 8 years of ages and the other a boy 10 years of ages. Genetic transmis-sion and main features of the disease were discussed in knowledge of literature.

The study was aimed to determine the ratio of properly timed vaccination according to national vaccine schedule in two time points. Method: The study was performed in Konya city center at the years 1997 and 2007. The subjects were obtained from children aged 0 to 23 months by using systematic cluster sampling. Also power estimated was received attention in this formula. Sample sizes were 467 and 380 for 1997 and 2007, respectively. The data was collected by observation and inquiry techniques. Results: Proportion of children age-appropriately immunized was 79.9 % for year 1997. However the ratio of properly timed vaccination for the vaccine schedule was only 35.3 %. These ratios for year 2007 were 84.2 % and 63.7 %, respectively. Mother’s age and educational level, children’s age and labor order, having a vaccine card, a history of sickness can be prevented by the vaccine in family members and economic status were related to the national vaccine schedule. Conclusion: We consider following families who have more children for vaccination, bringing to mind vaccination date for children aged bigger than six months and taking some cautions in order to protect vaccination card.

The aim of the present study is to identify the diagnoses of patients who referred to a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic. Medical records of 2109 patients referred to the Children and Adolescent Psychiatry outpatient clinic at Ordu States Hospital, between January 2012 and April 2013 were studied retrospectively. It was found that the patients were mostly male (59.6 %) and within 7 to 18 years of age (78.6%). It was also determined that 74.8% of patients had at least one diagnosis. The diagnosis rate of 44.8% in patients between the ages of 0-6, 84.6% of patients aged 7-11 were determined as 80.3% in patients aged 12-18. Of the cases, 9.7% were diagnosed with multiple conditions. They were mainly in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group. The most common diagnosis was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder followed by depression, anxiety disorders, enuresis and mental retardation, respectively. When the distribution of the diagnoses to sex were assessed, the most common diagnoses in boys are ADHD, enuresis, depression, generalized anxiety disorder and mental retardation respectively, they were ADHD, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, enuresis and mental retardation in girls. In our study, although the externalizing disorders are the most frequent diagnoses, there are differences between genders. The rate of comorbid diagnosis was found to be considerable. In the presence of comorbid diagnoses, the disorder is experienced more heavily and psychosocial functionality gets deteriorated. To know the most common diagnoses, diagnosis differences within genders and possible diagnoses for certain age groups will be useful for improving child and adolescent psychiatry services.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the abnormal proliferation of specialized bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells. In this report, we present a rare case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis with CT and MRI in a 2 yearold-boy who developed symptomatic diabetes insipidus and multiple bone ,cranial, lung and spleen metastases during the disease course. A 2-year-old male patient was hospitalized due to complaints of cough, fever, vomitting, diarrhea, achromasia, weakness and rash. Chest X-ray revealed reticulonodular infiltration in both lung fields. Thorax CT revealed diffuse micro and macro nodular type infiltration in both lung parenchyma. On CT and MRI revealed common lytic lesion of skull, vertebra and iliac bone. There are infundibular thickening and absence of posterior pituitary intensity on MRI of pituitary gland. The spleen involvoment is determined by abdominal CT. The diagnosis is confirmed with biopsy of iliac bone. Langerhans cell histiocytosis should be in the differential diagnosis in children having widespread lung, bone, pituitary gland, and spleen involvement on MRI and CT.

Doctors Commisions report: of the Konya State Hospital from 1979 to 1989 have been reviewed. Among these reports that have been prepared the cause of the disability were studied. And the causes of the disabilities were investigated in adults. Our findings showed that musculoskeletal System was the most effected part in disabilities.

Marjolin’s ulcer is a term to describe a malignancy arising from scar tissue, especially burn scars. It appears on burn scar a long period after initial burn injury. The most common malignancy is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) for these type of patients. Basal cell carcinoma, melanoma and sarcoma have less frequently been reported. Biopsy is the most important diagnostic procedure. The treatment is wide excision and regional lymph node dissection. A 12 year old child admitted to our clinic with unhealed wound in the axillary region for ten months. The patient had an ulcer axillary region through thorax. Incisional biopsy was performed. Histopathologic examination revealed that SCC. Wide surgical excision was done. The defect area was covered with flap. Axillar contracture was reconstructed with Z-platies. The case was presented due to early development of Marjolin’s ulcer as in ten years.

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical features and consultation process of the patients who
were consulted from the pediatric emergency department to the surgical departments during the pandemic
period, and to compare the findings with the data before the pa ndemic.
Patients and Methods: The research was conducted between 11.03.2020-11.03.2021 in the pediatric
emergency department of our hospital. The enrolled patients at 0-18 years of age were retrospectively
evaluated in terms of gender, age, diagnosis, consultation result, consultation response time. Our study was
compared with the prepandemic data between 01.01.2019 and 31.12 .2019.
Results: Of the patients; 42,4% were female and 57,6% were male. The mean age was 6,9±4,9 years. It
was determined that 27,3% of our patients were consulted to one of the surgical clinics with the diagnosis of
foreign body, 22,2% acute abdomen, 10.6% foreign body aspiration. It was found that 38,5% of the patients
were consulted to the pediatric surgery department, 33,9% to the otolaryngology department and 11,4% to the
thoracic surgery department. The mean consultation response time was 72,2±48,8 minutes. The distribution
of diagnoses, consultation response time, consulted surgical departments, consultation results by age groups,
and distribution of the consultation response times by surgical departments during the pandemic were found
to be statistically significant compared to the pre-pandemic pe riod (p<0,05).
Conclusion: In our study, it was found that the number of patients admitted to the pediatric emergency
department decreased during the pandemic period, the number of hospitalizations increased, the diagnoses
associated with trauma and close physical contact decreased, and the diagnosis of epididymorchitis increased.
In addition consultation response times were observed to be con siderably longer.

To prevent testicular degeneration caused by the effect of temperature, infertility, the formation of groin hernias, testicular torsion, predisposition to travma and negative effect to children psychologically at the children who had undescended testes are important. The testis doesn’t descend into the scrotum if hemiscrotum doesn’t grow sufficiently. If right or left scrotum appears to be normal, testis ascends or is retractil. Testes at the children who had retractil testes remain in scrotum after drawing into scrotum, the size of the testes are normal and the testes are frequently in scrotum since before. Ectopic testis can be localised at the regions of perineal, femoral, pubisopenil regions or contralateral scrotum. Orchiopexy or laparoscopic orchiopexy is performed after observing the children, who had undescended testis for one year. Surgical procedure should be carried out without waiting for the children who had ectopic testes, but not for the children who had retractile testis.

The influence of adenoid hyperplasia on occurence of serous otitis media(SOM) has been discussed for many years. Previously, it was thouhgt that the size of adenoid lead to serous otitis media, but recently its infective property is accussed. İn this study, Adenoidal-nasopharyngeal ratio(ANR) was found (means 0.74+0.08) in 100 children who undergone adenoidectomy operation, and also the relationship between ANR and SOM was investigated. There vvas not any statistically significant relationship betvveen ANR and SOM(t=0.06, P>0.5). At same time, there was not any statisticallysignificant relationship betvveen ANR and meadle ear pressure(t=0,06, P>0,05).

Papillary cystic neoplasrn of the pancreas is a rare pancreatic condition with low grade malignant behavior. It occurs mainly in young adult females and surgical resection is amenable to cure in early cases. A 26 yaar old woman who had epigastric mass and pain was operated on with the diagnosis of pancreatic tumor and biopsy specimens showed papillary cystic tumor. We report this case for it is a rare condition. great in size and his-tologically documented vascular and capsular invasion with no metastases.

İn this study, karyotipic distribution of reciprocal translocations were investigated in 15 cases who referred to our laboratory because of reproductive vvastage and having a baby with multiple congenital defects. They distributed as follovvs; 6 unbalanced reciprocal translocations; 7 balanced reciprocal translocations and 2 balanced reciprocal translocations with trisomy 21. Ali of the unbalanced karyotypes were partal trisomies and three of them were inherited maternally while the other three were inherited paternally. Family investigations were done in balanced reciprocal translocation carriers and it was seen that three of them were de novo, two paternal and one maternal. Mechanisms of reciprocal translocations, their population rates and risks of carriers were evaluated by using our results.

Objective: Epistaxis is a common condition in the childhood age group. However, it is important to diagnose the underlying bleeding disorders in children presenting with this complaint. Simple methods to be used in primary health care are needed to determine whether patients have bleeding disorders.

This study aims to evaluate patients presenting with epistaxis with the bleeding questionnaire and determine the diagnostic value of patients with symptomatic but normal hemostatic tests.

Methods: Seventy-seven children with epistaxis were included in the study group and 20 healthy children in the control group. Pediatric Bleeding Questionnaire (PBQ) was used for evaluation.

Results: In our study, 19.4% (n = 15) of the patients were diagnosed with bleeding diathesis (vWh: 10, rare factor deficiency: 5). The mean age at presentation was 8.99 ± 3.42 (3-17) years. Thirty-seven (48%) were girls and 40 were boys. In terms of PBQ epistaxis score, there was no statistically significant difference between those with and without bleeding diathesis. However, the overall score was not statistically different; it was higher in the group with bleeding diathesis. The cutaneous bleeding score was higher in the group with bleeding diathesis and there was a statistically significant difference.

 Conclusions: This study showed that bleeding scores can be used in patients with epistaxis who apply to primary health care institutions and patients with high overall scores and cutaneous bleeding scores should be directed to the hematologist for further research.Keywords: Epistaxis, bleeding diathesis, bleeding score

 Moyamoya disease is an entity, which is caused by obstruction or stenosis in the area between the internal carotid artery, and anterior and middle cerebral arteries, identified angiographically, and does not have an exactly known etiology. The most frequent symptoms of onset are hemorrhage in adults and ischemia in children. In this paper, we present a case of Moyamoya disease which was diagnosed with a 21 year old male patient who was admitted to our emergency department with headache, nausea vomiting and left hemiparasi complaints and whose radiological findings showed right basal ganglia hemorrhage.

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Esophageal achalasia in childhood especially in whom below one year of age is a rare lesion and difficult to diag- nose. An 11 months age female infant has been treated successfully by pneumatic dilatation, after returning of the esophagus to it’s normal calibre there was no complications seen in the barium study that performed later. After a follow up period of 12 months there was no vomiting or feeding problems or recurrence of the achalasia.

Aim: Kluyvera sp., a Gram-negative bacterium in Enterobacteriaceae family, may give rise to such infections as urinary system infections, enteritis, soft tissue infections and sepsis in children. It is known that Kluyvera species is an opportunistic pathogen detected in immunosuppressed hosts as well as in immunocompetent ones. Considering that it may enlight future studies related to Kluyvera infections, studies in the literature have been scanned. Material and Method: The data about Kluyvera spp. isolates were obtained retrospectively from clinical microbiology records. Result: It was seen that, of the 3 Kluyvera isolates, 1 was a urine specimen, and the other 2 were from umbli cal area. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility studies of the clinically significant Kluyvera isolates showed susceptibility patterns similar to those reported in the medical literature, namely trends of resistance to ampicillin and first- and second-generation cephalosporins. Moreover none of the clinically significant isolates were resistant to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and trimethoprim+sulfametoxazole. Conclusion: It was concluded in the light of both the studies in the literatüre and this study that rare and opportunistic organisms, such as Kluyvera may be an infection cause in children.

Alkali burns of the cornea can result in loss of vi-sual function and anatomical integrity of the eye. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of topical dexamethasone sodium phospate and diclofenac so-dium on wound healing in an akali-burn model using 36 eyes of 18 adult albino rabbits. No dic ference was noted between the effects of two drugs on epithelial healing and fibroblast proliferation, but inflammatory cell infiltration was more pro-minent in the group treated with diclofenac sodium. Our data suggest that dexamethasone sodium phosp-hate is more potent than diclofenac sodium in the treatment of corneal alkali burns.

\r\n Colloid cysts are rare benign tumors of the third ventricle and have a wide range of clinical representations from incidentomas to acute death.  The growth of these cysts is an uncommon event and may cause obstructive hydrocephalus that lead to sudden deterioration in the patient's condition and may cause life-threatening complications. The large colloid cyst of third ventricle caused sudden death of children due to clogging, diagnosed in vivo is a very rare case in literature. We are representing here a case which patient admitted to emergency room for sudden loss of consciousness. Even he had urgent ventriculostomy due to acute hydrocephalus development, brain death has occured because of 3rd ventricle colloid cyst.

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The viruses that cause viral gastroenteritis can lead to sporadic and epidemic outbreaks in humans. Common viral enteritis agents are Rotavirus, Nörovirus, and Adenovirüs. In this study it was aimed to investigate viral agents in diarrheic patients in Konya region. From patient who has diarrhea and abdominal pain, 300 stool samples which sent from various clinics, outpatient clinic and intensive care units to central clinical microbiology laboratory of our Hospital, were included in the study. Of these samples, were 52 (17.3%) positive for Rotavirus, 8 (2.6%) positive for adenovirus, and 35 (11.7%) positive for Norovirus. while it was detected the highest positivity to Rotavirus in November and February; Norovirus was higher in August and September. Although the differences observed in seasonal and age group, viral gastroenteritis agents could be detected in each geographical region, and sometimes can cause serious infections up to death. For this reason, routine diagnosis of common viral agents of gastroenteritis must be available and should be used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections in hospital laboratories.

Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the ratio of hepatitis A seropositivity in patients who applied to the outpatient clinics of of Pediatrics in Meram Medical Faculty of Selcuk University. Material and Method: 345 patients who applied to our outpatient clinics between December 2005 and June 2006 were included in the study. These children were divided into three groups as 2-6, 7-11 and 12-16 years, respectively. AntiHAV Ig M and Ig G were studied in all patients using ELISA method. The statistical analysis of the results was evaluated according to SPSS 10.0 program. Results: Positivity of anti-HAV Ig M and Ig G were found as 1.4 % and 28.7 %, respectively. When compared, hepatitis A seropositivity was significantly higher in children of school age than children under school age. Conclusion: Because hepatitis A seropositivity in children increases significantly with school age, vaccination should be recommended before school age.

Single ventricle is a rare congenital heart disease. The number of patients who reach to adult age without surgical operation due to poor prognosis are rare. There are publications that report cases reached to 5 to 6 decades in the literature. What makes the present case interesting is that it is the single ventricule that reaches the oldest age without operation reported in our country.

Croup syndrome is a term that defines barking cough , hoarseness, inspiratory stridor, and presenting with changeable severity of respiratory distress according to the l (severity) of obstruction, Foreign body aspirations, retropharyngeal abscess, bacterial tracheits and epiglottitis are also reasons for croup like acute airway obstructions. We a 4 years old child with biphasic stridorwho admitted to the Pediatric Emergencydepartment In consequence of unresponsive medical treatment pati endoscophic examination has performed and a Szygium aromaticum at the level of vocal cordswas found The foreign body had removed with general anesthesia by endoscophy.

Intravenous administration of rocuronium often leads to injection pain. We investigated the effect of diphenhydramine pretreatment, reducing the incidence of pain on rocuronium injection. This randomized study was carried out on ASA I-II, 60 adult patients for elective surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were divided into two groups, thirty patients in each. After tournique application on forearm and inflation to 70 mmHg, 2 ml saline, 2 ml (20 mg) diphenhydramine were given in Group S (n=30) and Group D (n=30) respectively. 30 seconds after the pretreatment, tournique was deflated and 10 mg rocuronium was injected over 10 seconds. The patients were asked immediately to assess pain with 4 point pain scale. No significant differences were noted in the number of patiens who had no pain and mild pain in group S and D (p>0.05). Number of patients who had moderate and severe pain was higher in Group S than Group D (p

Aim: Morphine is one of the most preferred opioids in treatment of chronic pain. Recurrent use can
cause addiction. There is no consensus on cardiovascular system treatment/side effects of opioids. In
order to investigate effects of opioid addiction on heart, myocardial contractility/histological changes were
investigated in rats via experimental morphine addiction/withdr awal.
Materials and Methods: 32 adult male Wistar albino rats used for study, which was officially completed
on 28-05-2021, were divided into Control(C), Morphine(M), Morphine+Naloxone(MN) groups randomly. In
GroupC 10mg/kg 0.9% NaCl solution, in GroupM-MN 10mg/kg morphine were administered subcutaneously
for 7 days. After the last administration of morphine, 3mg/kg NaCl was given to GroupC-M, 3mg/kg naloxone
was given to GroupMN intraperitoneally. Signs of morphine withdrawal were observed for 30 minutes
and scored. 3-4mm strips of atria were hung in isolated organ bath chambers. Tension was adjusted to
2g. Adrenaline-induced contractions (0.001M) were observed. Changes in tension were recorded. SAS
University Edition 9.4 program was used for statistical analysi s.
Results: Morphine withdrawal behaviours were observed in GroupMN. There was no statistically
significant difference between atrial contractility tension values of GroupC-M-MN(p>0.05). Pre-adrenaline
tension values were higher in GroupM-MN than in GroupC. But the greatest contraction increase between
15minutes before/after adrenaline-induced data was in GroupC.
Conclusion: Morphine addiction/withdrawal didn’t cause inotropic/chronotropic changes. No histological
differences were observed in mast cells. These results may constitute a positive resource for the heart for
systems analysis in morphine addicts.

Foreign body aspirations (FBA), which have high mortality and morbidity rate, are common pediatric emergency issues occured in childhood. FBA is seen more frequently among children under 3 years old. If there is no history of sudden-onset choking and cough, it can be ignored and the patient may come with recurrent pulmonary infections and its related complications. In this report, 10-monthold boy patient who was brought with complaints of sudden-onset of cough, vomiting and wheezing after eating a kind of broad bean ( termiye) was presented. Diagnosis was established on the history, physical examination, the chest X-ray and bronchoscopy. The foreign body (termiye) was located in the right inferior bronchus and removed. This case emphasizes that the presence of a foreign body aspiration must be kept in mind in childhood. Because foreign body aspiration is a serious problem that may lead to complications or even to death.

Sociodemographic and clinical features of 226 children, who were admitted to the outpatient clinic of psychiatry department of Selcuk University for the first time, between september 1993-and september 1994. were analyzed retrospectively. The purpose of this study is to reveal the problems of an adult psychiatrist when he come face to face with the children in a condition where female. Most of the children were between 12-14 years old and were the first child of the family. The patients admitted to the clinic mostly because of their parents regrests. The second reason of admittance was other physicians consultation request for female, and legal report for male. The differance was significant (p<0.05). Main complaints were enuresis, mental retardation, con-duct disorder, developmental articulation disorder for males, and somatic. depressive and conversive for females_ The differents was statistically sig-nificantly (p<0.05). As a result, 226 first admissions to a clinic in-dicates the need to a child psychiatrist in this dist-rict.

Aim: It is aimed to evaluate the necessity of echocardiographic asssesment for the patients in whom the innocent heart murmurs are heard after the cardiovascular system examination. Material and Methods: The files of 466 patients, ages varied between 1 day and 17 years-old, who were performed echocardiographic assessment and referred to our Pediatric Cardiology Outpatient Clinic because of innocent heart murmur due to physical examination, electrocardiography and telecardiograpy between June 2007- December 2007 were evaluated respectively. Result: Patients who have innocent heart murmurs were not detected any important cardiac patology for hemodynamic physiology. Also, when the innocent heart murmurs is evaluated according to types, it is determinated that the most heart murmur is the innocent pulmoner murmur (47,4%). Results: In 69% of the patients who were performed ecocardiographic assesment, minor congenital heart anomalies were establised with any hemodynamic abnormalities and also 12% of them were given infective endocarditis preventive treatment. For this reason; it is determined to be suitable that echocardiographic assesment for the children who are reffered to our outpatient clinic because of heart murmur in physical examination despite the result of innocent heart murmur.

To determine bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity of chronic otitis media with effusion (COME). The study group consist of 40 children with COME who had undergone miringotomy between May 2003 and January 2006. In 38 children, both of ears demonstrated effusions, whereas in two children, only one ear had effusions. Total of 78 effusion samples were cultured for bacteria and antimicrobial testing was performed for antibiotic sesitivity. Although in the 21.8% (17) of effusion samples showed bacterial growth, in the 78.2% (61) of effusion samples no showed bacterial growth. Haemophilus influenzae (29.5%) was the most common causative pathogen, followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (17.7%), Coagulase negative staphylococcus (11.8%), Moraxella catarhalis (11.8%), Staphylococcus aereus (11.8%), Corynobacterium Spp (5.8%), Enterococcus spp (5.8%) and Lactobasil (5.8%) were isolated. Penicilin resistance was found in %64.7 of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Most of effusion samples were sterile. Therefore, the treatment of patient with COME should be recovered predisposne foctors (allergy, Eustachian Tube Dysfunction, Adenoid Hyperplasia, Gastroesophageal reflux) rather than routine antibiotic use.

\r\n Atrial septal defect (ASD) is also responsible for 30-33% of adult defects. . Transcatheter treatment is the first-line treatment for secuncum ASD treatment. A 36-year-old ASD patient that had a successful transcatheter closure. The occluder  embolization became, within the first 24 hours after procedure, to the aortic arcus. It is known that the devices with embolism are taken by snare and biopsy catheter, but differently, a case involving surgical removal after retraction of femoral artery by another ASD occluder device. Hybrid approach should always be mindful when removing embolized device with high success rate using different methods.

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Aim: The aim of this study is to examine whether the timing of surgery in our elderly patients with a
diagnosis of hip fracture changed before and after the pandemic, and whether this situation caused an
increase in mortality .
Patients and Methods: The patients who were operated with the diagnosis of hip fracture between March
2019 and March 2020 in our hospital database were accepted as in the pre-pandemic period, and the
patients who were operated with the diagnosis of hip fracture between April 2020 and April 2021 were
considered as in pandemic period. Both groups were statistically compared in terms of age, gender,
waiting time for surgery , length of hospital stay and one year mortality .
Results: When the factors af fecting mortality were examined, the time elapsed until surgery significantly
increased mortality. While the mean waiting time for surgery was 27.6±19.4 hours in all patients, it was
25.7±19.1 hours in Group 1 and 29.6±19.6 hours in Group 2 and there was a significant difference between
the two groups (p=0.043). The cut-off value of the waiting time for surgery, which caused mortality, was
determined as “23.35” hours. While no significant increase in mortality was found in Group 1 (p=0.340),
the increased delay for surgery in Group 2 affected mortality significantly (p=0.027).
Conclusion: In this study, it was found that the increase in the delay of admission for surgery over 23.35
hours in the elderly population after hip fractures was directly associated with one year of mortality
and also we think that the waiting time for surgery in the pandemic conditions is one of the factors that
negatively af fect mortality in these patients.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) which is occurred by mutations in the gene regulation of transmembrane message shows autosomal recessive inheritance. It is also the most common fatal diseases in white race. The frequency of disease is estimated as 1/2500-1/3500 in white race, 1/1700 in African Americans. But the frequency of CF is not known for our countries. In this study, the frequency of disease was tried to find in children with malnutrition and/or recurrent pulmonary infections who admitted to hospital. This prospective study was conducted between February 2007 and January 2010 and children with malnutrition and/or recurrent pulmonary infections were enrolled the study. The diagnosis CF was made by using positive sweat test and appropriate clinical findings and rule out of other diseases which also caused recurrent pulmonary infections or malnutrition. A total of 491 children were enrolled the study. The mean age of children was 26,1±35.01 months with the range of 2-216 months. Of all children, 335 (68.3%) were male and 156 (31.7%) were female. Positive sweat test was found in 35 (7.1 %) children. The frequency of CF was found to be 5.3 % in children with malnutrition and 8.8 % in children with recurrent pulmonary infections. Finally we emphasized one more times that CF should be keep in mind in children with malnutrition and/or recurrent pulmonary infections due to its early diagnosis and prevention of late complications.

Bullous lung disease, one of the serious pulmonary diseases which is mostly observed together with paraseptal emphysema spreads on the outer part of lobulus adjacent to septums between pulmonary lobulus. It is widely common among smokers’ upper lobs. This patients present with spontaneous pneumothorax. And foreign bodies in bronchial system is a situation mostly emerging at childhod which has critical importance in terms of its consequences and complications. If not pulled out, foreign bodies remaining inside bronchi for extended periods can cause complications such as bronchial stenosis, abscess and bronchiectasis. In our case, the patient was a chronic smoker who applied us having spontaneous pneumothorax. Bilateral giant bullae spreaded on lower lobes was spotted. Organized foreign body in the neighbourhood of throughly grown up bullae formation segment on distal part of right lower lobe was observed during the surgery. Agents of bronchial obstruction can cause proteolytic – antiproteolitik imbalance in check-valve mechanism and inflammatory process. This circumstance can harm the lungs or increase the existing harm. Localization of bullae in the lower lobes rather than their standard location and presence of a foreign body is a rare occasion of association for bullous diseases.

Adult onset Still’s disease is a systemic disease of unknovvn etiology. Clinical and laboratory features are not pathognomonic. The diagnosis is difficult and based upon Yamaguchi’s criteria after exclusion of infectious diseases, hematologic process or autoimmune diseases. Treatment is not well codified but steroids represent the most efficient therapy to control fever and systemic manifestations. Search for new treatments and specific markers of adult onset Still’s disease are needed. İn this study, we present the cases of two patients with adult onset Still’s disease and revievv of the literatüre.

The disease was first described by Scheuermann as the dorsal kyphosis of juveniles in 1920. Scheuermann's disease is the most common cause of thoracic hyperkyphosis in adolescence. There are two sub-types: thoracic and thoracolumbar / lumbar. Histologically, when the irregularities in the vertebral end plates are examined, collagen fibrils are seen to decrease or vanish. As a result, end-plate continuity deteriorates and Schmorl nodules appear when the disc material protrudes into the corpus. Deformations cause wedging in the vertebral corpus, resulting in narrow angled kyphotic deformity. In the large series, the prevalence is up to 8%, and the genetic transition and mechanical stress come into prominence in the epidemiology of the disease. Pain can be accompanied by deformity in symptomatic state. Classical radiological features include irregular vertebral endplates and kyphosis more than 45 degrees with 5 degrees of wedging in 3 or more vertebrae. In some cases, minimal scoliosis may accompany to kyphosis. Periodic radiologic follow-up is recommended for patients below 50 degrees of kyphosis. Bracing is appropriate in uncompleted skeletal maturation with kyphosis up to 75 degrees. In cases above 75 degrees, it is appropriate to perform surgical treatment when bracing is unsuccessful in adolescence and presence of exceeding pain despite the conventional methods and obvious deformity in adults. 

Evaluation of body temperature in a day period in Down syndrome children with congenital heart disease and comparison of results with control group. Fifty-one Down syndrome children with congenital heart diseases who were hospitalized and followed up in pediatric cardiology clinic because of various non-infectious etiologies between September 2010 and August 2011 were included in the study. The two control groups were selected from 26 non-Down children who had and had not congenital heart disease respectively. Sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and procalsitonine levels, white blood cell and platelet counts were determined in all groups during hospitalization. Humoral and cellular immune systems were evaluated in Down syndrome patients with recurrent and/or nonexplained upper and lower airway infectious. Body temperature was determined in all patients twice a day in morning, noon, evening and night. No statistical differences was detected between the groups according to sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and procalsitonine levels, white blood cell and platelet counts. Isolated ventricular septal defect is the most common detected congenital heart disease in Down syndrome patients. Body temperature measurements were statistically different in Down syndrome group than two control groups and it was detected that basal body temperature was higher during the day. Body temperature is higher in Down syndrome children with congenital heart disease during the day. This is because of the defect in hypothalamic temperature regulator center rather than the hemodynamic defect. For this reason the limit temperature of fever in Down syndrome patients should be different than healthy children.

Bronchial carcinoid tumors constitute approximately 5 percent of all lung tumors. They occur with about equal frequency in both sexes. Most patients are young or middle aged adults. These tumors are not related to cigarette smoking or other known pulmonary carcinogenic factors. Dependent upon the location of the tumor within the lung clinical presentation and morphologic appearance, these tumors are four variants. These variants are the central carcinoid, the peripheral carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, tumorlet type bronchial carcinoid. In this study, two cases diagnosed as bronchial carcinoid turner in Pathology Depart-ment of Medical School of Selçuk University between May 1987 -April 1988 were presented and discusseJ.

Bronchial carcinoid tumors constitute approximately 5 percent of all lung tumors. They occur with about equal frequency in both sexes. Most patients are young or middle aged adults. These tumors are not related to cigarette smoking or other known pulmonary carcinogenic factors. Dependent upon the location of the tumor within the lung clinical presentation and morphologic appearance, these tumors are four variants. These variants are the central carcinoid, the peripheral carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, tumorlet type bronchial carcinoid. In this study, two cases diagnosed as bronchial carcinoid turner in Pathology Depart-ment of Medical School of Selçuk University between May 1987 -April 1988 were presented and discusseJ.

A maIe child who had a skeletal and cardiovascular anomaly relaled with Synrome and esotropia was presented. On !his palient following symptoms were observed; bilaterally hypoplasique arm, 3 fingers on the right and 4 flngers on the left hand, arrioseptal defect and on the. eye 35 prisin diopri esoıropia, in the pedigri, tl was stated that was a first mutation occurred in mother.

Salmonella infections in children usually present with self limiting gastroenteritis. These infections rarely affect the central nervous sytem and are usually seen under the age of 2 years. In this article, a 12-year-old male patient is presented who was admitted with the complaint of convulsions. On examination, the protein was found to be increased in the cerebrospinal fluid and no cell was observed on direct microscopy. Electroencephalogram and brain magnetic resonance imaging findings were consistent with encephalitis and the agent of encephalitis was found to be Salmonella Typhi. The case was presented in order to remind that Salmonella Typhi can be observed within encephalitis agents, albeit rarely observed.

\r\n PURPOSE
\r\n             The aim of this study is to analyze if there were any factors that would indicate the diagnosis of dilating vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) (≥ grade 3) in the second voiding cystourethrogam (VCUG) of children with a normal first VCUG.

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\r\n MATERIAL AND METHODS
\r\n             Patients who underwent VCUG between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Within the cohort, patients who required more than one VCUG were abstracted and those with an abnormal first VCUG (VUR, posterior urethral valve, etc.) were excluded. Factors such as; age, gender, lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD), renal scarring, recurrent urinary tract infection, abnormal ultrasonography findings (bladder abnormalities/variable degrees of hydronephrosis), and technical problems (absence of voiding phase) were noted. Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables whereas Chi Square test was used for categorical values.

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\r\n RESULTS
\r\n             A total of 25 patients were found to have undergone more than 1 VCUG (19 girls, 6 boys; mean age 6 ± 3 years). Median time period between the two VCUGs were 12 months (range 1 – 72 months). VUR was detected in 11 patients, while dilating VUR was discovered in 7 patients. Among those, 6 patients were diagnosed with bilateral VUR. Recurrent UTI was found to be the only factor that would indicate dilating VUR in the second VCUG (p=0,049). Interestingly, no VUR was detected in cases that were performed after a first VCUG with inadequate technique. 

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\r\n CONCLUSION

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\r\n             Recurrent UTI was shown to be the sole factor that would indicate the diagnosis of dilating VUR in the second VCUG. In our study, 28% patients with a normal first VCUG were shown to have dilating VUR in the second study. Therefore, in recurrent febrile UTI, second VCUG should be considered in patients with a normal previous imaging.
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Aim: This study was aimed to determine the demography of family caregiver of dependent older adults and their attitude related to care and relationship between attitude and short time education. Material and Method: The study carried out as quasi-experimental design. Forty-eight family caregivers of dependent older adults were included from a randomly selected health center area in Karaman city center. The family caregiving questionnaire was applied by interviewing. The family caregivers were educated by co-researcher about care of elderly. The questionnaire was applied again after eight weeks of education. Results: The mean age of the family caregivers was 49±16, 71% of them were married and 35% were uneducated. Almost all of them were women and were not working elsewhere. In 26 items the average of positive attitude score of the family caregivers was 59±27 on 100 points. The attitude scores was not significantly different according to demographic features. The scores were higher in post-training compared to pre-training. Conclusion: It is concluded that education of family caregivers by public health nurses positively affect the quality of care of dependent older adults.

Meningococcal infections sometimes leads to meningococceınia and meningiiis which cause high rnortality and morbidity. in recent years, as observed elsewhcre iıt ihe world, in our region the number of patients with meningococcal disease are seriou.sly being increased. in this study, 63 patients with meningococcal disease were evaluaied at the Selçuk University Research and Training Hospital.

Mechanical ventilation (MV) is the most important part of contemporary critical care concept and one of the most frequent reasons for intensive care admissions. Currently, there is a tendency to use the mechanical ventilators in the intensive care units by pediatric intensivists. The aim of this review is to summarize the basic principles of mechanical ventilation in order to be applied when required by all physicians. There is an indication for MV when the spontaneous respiration is threatened to sustain life. Currently, the principal criteria to determine the need for MV is the clinical judgement of the physician rather than laboratory results of the patients. Some of terminology should be well- known to initiate the MV. The main difference between the basic ventilator modes ventilator’s ability to detect and and respond to patient’s own spontaneous respiration.

Between 1983 and 1996 splenic surgerv was peıfonned irr a tatar` of 47 .children in the Research Hospital of Medical Faculty of Selçuk Unive•sity. The age• of the patients were betıveen one and 16 vc'ars. Of the patients 38 under•ent splenectomy. of. which 17 were pelforıned general sur.,!:;eons be-Pre 1991_ Pediatric surgeons have been performin these procedures since rhen. When these two periods are coınpared It is frJldlrfl that. the most U)/i dication.v for ,splenectomy are trannut and he-motological diseases before 1991 aml cıfıer tlıen. respectivelv. Wc' suppusod that. the ı-eason of the (lif-frrence between tvı,o periods is the impo•tance of- the jımetions of the spleen is not elem- in adults as iır (.-hildren and therefrre. .fi)r the menagemenı of the trattmatic children, the methocl used hrgenaral sur-geons i.s different from ılıaı (ıf pedian-k:surgeons_

This study was aimed to compare the knowledge levels of health education teachers with others in basic health subjects. This crosssectional study was performed in all high schools in Konya city center in 2011. The sample consisted of teachers who taught health education or counseled in health related clubs and same number of teachers of other lessons. Data were obtained by a questionnaire filled by teachers themselves under the supervision of interviewer. First part of the questionnaire was about demographic information while the second consisted of 35 questions evaluating the knowledge about protection, improvement, vaccines, contagion, diet, healthy behavior, adolescent health, first approach to frequently encountered health problems, etc. Overall level of health knowledge was assessed by summing the points for each subject, 2 for known, 1 for partially known and 0 for unknown/blank, and converting them to percentage. T test and variation analysis were used for data analysis. The mean age of 314 teachers participated in the study was 39±8, 55% of them were males, 45% were females and 90% were married. 39% of the participants consisted of health education teachers and guide teachers of health related clubs, 61% were the teachers of other lessons. The average score was higher in health education group (56±16) than the other teachers (43±14). The knowledge score was also higher in female teachers and graduates of health related faculties (biology, physical education, child development). Teaching health education or counseling in a health related club increases the general knowledge level of teachers. In writers’ opinion, improving the knowledge level of teachers in health might help students to acquire positive behaviors about health as the current level is not adequate and significant number of wrong answers was present.

Castleman’s disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown etiology exactly. Although the disease most commonly appears in the mediastinal lymph nodes, it can be occur in cervical, retroperitoneal, axillary and other regions lymph nodes. There is no gender predominance and often occurs in young adults. Two histological variants as hyaline-vascular and plasma cell type have been described. Clinically it is also divided in two types: a localized type, which is usually asymtomatic and presented as a mass or swelling. Systemic (multicentric) type is characterized nonspecific symptoms such as fever, anaemia, generalized lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly Complete surgical excision is curative for localized form. Although systemic type is usually treated with radiation therapy, corticosteroids and chemotherapy, there is no certain treatment. We herein reported a neck mass diagnosed as hyaline vascular type Castleman’s disease.

Aim: This study aimed to determine which of these parameters is effective in surgical decision making. Material and Method: The study population consisted of 87 patients, 56 (64%) male and 31 (36%) female [mean age, 8.18±1.25 years (±SD); range, 1 to 16 years], who were examined and investigated in our department. Two groups were studied: Operated group (O group) who underwent surgery and included 76 children and nonoperated group (NO group) who did not undergone surgery and included 11 children. In both groups age, gender, preoperative temperature, leukocyte count in blood and urine, the plain XRay film of the abdomen, abdominal ultrasonography (USG), nasogastric drenage (NGD), preoperative diagnosis and treatment were identified. Results: In preoperative period temperature were significantly high in only perforated appendicitis compared with other causes of abdominal pain (P=0.028). Gase-liquid level in perforated appendicitis and gase image in acute appendicitis were significantly high compared with other causes of abdominal pain in plain graphy (P=0.001). USG was rather significant in the differential diagnosis of intussuception and mesenteric lymphadenopathy compared with other causes of abdominal pain in this period (P=0.000). In addition, USG was found as a valuable parameter in surgical decision making. Leukocyte count in blood (P=0.346), the leucocyte in urine (P=0.131), NGD (P=0.205) were not significant in surgical making decision. Conclusion: It was shown that temperature were significantly high and gase-liquid level in the patients who are suspected to be perforated appendicitis of the patients who have abdominal pain in preoperative period. We may say that abdominal USG is effective especially in the differential diagnosis of intussuception and mesenter lymphadenitis to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures.

Nearly all of the reports about pneumomediastinum associated with pneumonia have been conducted in adults as pneumomediastinum was uncommon in pediatric age group. This case report is described an infant with pneumonia complicated with pneumomediastinum and epidural emphysema. Her original disease is a severe combine immunedeficiency (SCID). Another reason to provide this case report is that epidural emphysema or pneumorachis associated with pneumonia and pneumomediastinum is a rare condition.

Bilirübin encephalopathy or kernicterus is a neurologic syndrome resulting from the deposition of uncongugated bilirübin in brain celis. Features of kernicterus may include cerebral palsy and deafness. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of kernicterus on grovvth and grovvth hormone. Our research included 22 patients with kernicterus, 18 patients vvho had exchange transfusions but having no features of kernicterus, 14 patients who had only phototherapy, and 15 patients vvho had no jaundice during neonatal period vvho vvere inves- tigated at 21 months old (mean age). Ali patients had complete blood count, urine analysis, glucose, and grovvth hormone. We observed overt neurologic abnormalities in 6 patients vvith kernicterus. There vvas grovvth retardation in 5 of 6 infants vvith neurologic abnormalities. There vvas no grovvth retardation in other patients. Our research has indi- cated that there may be grovvth retardation in patients vvith kernicterus and the reason for this may be nutritional disorders. More investigations must be done in order to understand the abnormalities in grovvth hormone in patients vvith kernicterus.

To evaluate symptoms and diagnosis of patients who presented to the child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic. Medical records of patients admitted to the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at Selcuk University Meram Faculty of Medicine between 2002 and 2007 were studied retrospectively. When admisson complaints of cases were reevaluated the most frequent symptoms were nervousness, over-activity, ürine to miss, stuttering and feeling of distress. According to the DSM-IV diagnoses, 2082 (%86.8) cases had any psyciatric disorder. The most common diagnosis were anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, enuresis, relationship problems and mental retardation, respectively. Of the cases, 20.1 % were diagnosed with multiple conditions. The most frequent comorbid diagnoses were enüresis and depression. The most frequent comorbid diagnoses were mental retardation-enüresis and enüresis-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression-anxiety disorders. Approximately one-third of subjects were prescribed psychotropic medications. Our findings may be helpful in improving treatmentservices in child and adolescent psychiatry

Myotonic dystrophy is the most common muscular dystrophy of adulthood. Neurological manifestation of the disease is typical, however diagnosis could be challenge in patients presentig with predominant cardiac or systemic symptoms. 46 year old male was suffering from presyncope attacks for 16 years, and first examined by a cardiologist. Because of the recent complaints including walking difficulty, he was referred to neurology department. Following a detailed neurological examination and electrodiagnostic workup, he was finally diagnosed myotonic dystrophy type 1. The case highlights the necessitiy of neurological consultation in patients who present with conduction defects, arythmias or cardiomyopathies of unknown origin, accompanied by overt or subtle neurological symptoms. In such patients, neuromuscular disorders should be considered in the differential diagnosis; and in order to provide thorough diagnostic evaluation, multidisciplinary approach is essential.

Because of the hot climate of Diyarbakır we have investigated the incidence of urinary tract infection among the students of elementary-school in Diyarbakır and the predisposing factors which can cause urinary tract infection. We have also investigated the distrubition of urinary tract infection according to age and sex, the complaints, c/inica/ and /aboratuary findings among the students who vere diagnosed to have urinary tract infection. The high incidence of urinary tract infection is attributed to the hot climate and the abundant predisposing factors. The attention of the pediatrists is attracted upon the importance of this subject.

13 cyanotic congenital heart patients who underwent total correction by open heart surgery method and 5 acyanotic congenital heart patients selected as control for this group were studied. Oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucose tolerance test and glucagon tolerance tests were performed in both groups in the preoperative and postoperative periods. A statistically significant difference was found between preoperative fasting blood glucose values ​​and postoperative fasting blood glucose values ​​in the cyanotic group according to the results of oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous glucose tolerance test and glucagon tolerance tests. No such difference was observed in patients with acionetic congenital heart disease. It was concluded that the hypoglycemia observed in these patients may be due to an abnormal glycogulatory hormone secretion or more likely to be caused by a defect in the glycogenolytic or gluconeogenetic enzymatic pathways.

n this study, we aimed to compare the effects of cisatracurium besilat and rocuronium bromide on neuromuscular block. After Faculty Ethic Committee approval, 26 adult patients from ASA l-ll class were included to the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Anaesthesia induction was realized by 2mg/kg alfentanil + 5 mg/kg thiopental. Patients in group I (n:13) received 0.1 mg/kg cisatracurium, patients in group II (n:13) 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium for intubation. The maintenance of anaesthesia was done by 1-1.5 % isoflurane + 50/50 %, N2O/O2. Patients were evaluated by "Mallampati scale" before operation and by " Goldberg and Cromach scale" during operation for assesment of intubation quality. The onset of action (T95), duration of action (T25) and recovery time (T25-75) of neuromuscular blockade were recorded. Unpaired student’s t test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis (px0,05). There were no differences betvveen the two groups with respect to hemodynamics parameters, recovery time, quality of intubation and demografic datas (p>0,05). The onset of action and the duration of action of neuromuscular blockade were shorter in group II (p<0,05). IVe conclude that althought both cisatracurium and rocuronium provide sufficient cardiovascular stability and intubation conditions, rocuronium may be choosen at situations which is required rapid intubation.

Chest pain is a common complaint in children. It doesn’t usually indicate a cardiac problem but it is considered as heartache by the patients and their families. In this article, the patients with chest pain in pediatric cardiology clinic for the last 18 months have been evaluated and the etiology of chest pain has been discussed. The study includes 441 patients with chest pain, who were admitted to the Department of pediatrics, Division of pediatric cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University between May 2011 and November 2012. The data of the patients has been reviewed retrospectively. Medical history and family history of the patients, cardiac physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, 24-hour rhythm holter monitoring, exercise testing and laboratory tests have been evaluated. In our study the mean age of the patients was 11 (5-18 year-old). 217 (49.2%) of the patients were male and 224 (50.8%) of the patients were female. Medical history, physical examination, electrocardiography and echocardiography of all the patients have been evaluated. Cardiac pathology has been recognized in 10 (2.3%) of the patients. The reasons that cause chest pain are idiopathic in 378 (85.7%) patients, psychological in 22 (5%) patients, lung diseases in 20 (4.5%) patients, gastrointestinal disorders in 6 (1.4%) patients, musculoskeletal system diseases in 3 (0.7%) patients, Familial Mediterranean Fever in 1 (0.2%) patient and pectus excavatum in 1 (0.2%) patient. According to this study, the etiology of chest pain in children is extra cardiac factors in majority. Differential diagnosis should be made carefully due to possibility of life threatening consequences of cardiac disorders. If there is no cardiac pathology as a result of medical history, physical examination and laboratory tests the patient and the family should be informed about this.

Neuroblastoma is the most common (1/7000 - 1/10000) embryonal tumor of neural tube origin (1). It can originate from any part of the sympathetic nervous system. It can be located in the head, neck mediastinum, paraortic sympathetic ganglia, adrenal medulla and pelvis. Diner diseases associated with the neural tube are also encountered (2).

The latex allergy has been increasingly recognised in recent years in both adultsand children. After anaphylactic type reactions due to latex has been shown as case reports, latex allergy became an important problem especially in medical practice. The majör risk factors in latex allergy are intense exposure to latex allergens (surgical gloves, catheters, etc.), atopy hand eczema, female gender, history of multiple operations and dental interventions. Some occupational groups such as health-care workers and workers in latex industry are under greater risk due to their possible frequent contact with latex. An association between latex allergy and allergy to various fruits (banana, avocado, pineapple, kiwi, etc) has been reported. Latex allergy is responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from a mild dermatitis to severe anaphylaxis in both adults and children. There fore an allergologic investigation for latex allergy should be considered for those from high-risk groups. Then, it will be possible to take precautions in order to prevent life-threatining allergic reactions by exposure to latex

Ocular findings in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF 1) and tuberous sclerosis (TS) are presented. The study was conducted prospectively and comprised 31children who were referred from pediatric neurology clinic to the ophthalmology clinic. Sixteen of 22 patients with NF1 (72.7%) were male and 6 (27.3%) were female and the mean age was 9.9 ± 4.2 (3-16 years). Two of 9 patients with TS (22.2%) were male and 7 (77.8%) were female, the mean age was 5.5 ± 3.6 (1.5-12 years). Twenty of children with NF1 had cooperation to the snellen chart, the mean visual acuity of the right and left eye were 0.93 ± 0.14 (0.4-1.0) and 0.94 ± 0.14 (0.4-1.0), whereas the mean visual acuity of 7 patients with TS was 0.84 ± 0.22 (0.4-1.0) at the right and 0.85 ± 0.19 (0.5-1.0) at the left eyes. Percentages of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in children with NF 1 were 40.9%, 4.5% and 18.1%, respectively. Percentages of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism in children with TS were 11.1%, 22.2% and 11.1%, respectively. In a NF 1 patient with keratoconus, his visual acuity was 0.4. Also another patient with TS had diminished visual acuity of 0.4 at the right eye and 0.5 at the left eye because of hyperopic astigmatism. Iris Lisch nodules were detected in 14 (63.6%) of children with NF 1. Five cases (22.7%) had bilateral optic glioma, the mean age was 7.6 (3-15 years). All tumors were located at intraorbital and the patients were asymptomatic. Except optic glioma, it was found out that one patient (4.5%) had bilateral myelinated nerve fibers and the other one (4.5%) had bilateral optic atrophy due to previous neurosurgery. Sectorial iris hypopigmentation was determined in one (11.1%) of nine children with TS. Detailed ophthalmic examination has a great importance in patients with TS and NF 1 because of ocular findings which are commonly seen. Patients should be evaluated by ophthalmologists in terms of refractive error and optic glioma.

Aim: Hepatitis B virus infection is a very important health problem in our country. In this regard, we evaluated the children who were inspected in our outpatient clinics for Hepatitis B virus seropositivity. We aimed to join the children who were seronegative in the immunization program. Material and method: A total of 297 children between the ages of 3 months and 18 years who were inspected in the General Pediatric Outpatient Clinics of Meram Medical Faculty except for jaundice between July 2005 and December 2005 were evaluated. The children were divided into two groups as 3 months-7years and 8-18 years. After getting permission from parents, 3 cc venous blood samples were collected from all of the children. The serological markers of Hepatitis B virus were studied by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Method in the microbiology laboratories of Meram Medical Faculty. The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 10.0 program. Results: Anti-HBs positivity were found in 143 ( 48,1 %) of 297 children. One hundred seventeen (81,8 %) of those children were vaccinated while 26 (17,5 %) of them had experienced the infection. Five children (%1,6) had HBsAg positivity. The ratios of children who were vaccinated were 66,4 % in 3 months-7years group and 11,0 % in 8-18 years group, respectively. The ratio of children who were vaccinated was 39,3 % in all children. Conclusion: Although Hepatitis B vaccination is a part of our National Immunization Program, the seropositivity of our region is not as much as it is expected. In this study, we found that the people in our region are not well-informed about the necessity of vaccination against Hepatitis B virus infection, and attention is called to the importance of our job in this point.

In our study; we tried to evaluate the int-raosseous route for water-electrolyte replacement and anesthetic induction with ketamine in children. 48 patients whose ages are between I and 6 years, were divided into three groups. 2 mg/kg ke-tamine intraosseous (10) in group 1; 2 mglkg ke-tamine intravenous (IV) in group II, and 6 mgike ke-tamine intramuscular (IM) in group II was used for induction. The maintenance of anesthesia in all three groups were administered with 1.5 % tsof lurane and N20. Nystagmus was considered as the begining time of induction for ketamine. During the operation the heard rate (HR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP) and diastolic arterial blood pressure (DABP) was recorded and the comp-lications of the intraosseous route were evaluated. When we have compaired the SABP, DABP and HR values of each group recorded during operation, it was found that there were no significant sta-tistically difference among them. As a conclusion; if the intravenous approach is impossible, the intraosseous route is a safe al-ternative for water-electrolyte replacement and in-duction with ketamine.

Aim of the recent study is to evaluate the relationship between endometrial sampling indications and histopathological results. Four hundred women who applied to Izmit Maternity and Child Health Hospital, and had endometrial sampling in 2011 were included in this retrospective study. Data was retrieved from patient’s files and pathology archives. Patients were grouped as menometrorrhagia, postmenopausal bleeding, pre-hysterectomy for myoma uteri and cervical polyp. Data was analyzed with a statistical processing program (SPSS). The mean age was 46.4±8.3 years. Indications of endometrial sampling were menometrorrhagia (62.3%), postmenopausal bleeding (22 %), pre-hysterectomy for myoma uteri (9.5%) and cervical polyp (6.2%), respectively. Of all the cases, 139 (55.8%) had menometrorrhagia with proliferative/secretory endometrium, 23 (9.2%) had endometrial hyperplasia and 1 (0.4%) had endometrial cancer for diagnosis. However, in postmenopausal bleeding group, 48 (54.5%) had atrophic endometrium, and 6 cases (6.8%) were diagnosed for endometrial adenocarcinoma. In prehsyterectomy for myoma uteri, 27 (71%) had proliferative/secretory endometrium, and no adenocancer was diagnosed. In cervical polyp group, 10 cases (40%) had endometrial polyps for diagnosis. General speaking, endometrial sampling should be applied in cases with postmenopausal bleeding and cervical polyps, but a more selective treat should be conducted in cases with menometrorrhagia and prehysterectomy for myoma uteri

This study was carried out on 1757 school boys in schools of central region and some villages in Konya, from November 1989 to May 1990. The genital organ anomalies in the boys were investigated. Of the 1757 reported cases 103 had genital organ anomalies, percentage was 5.86%. Crypthorchidism from testis descending anomalies (2.78%) was the most enconteced anorrıaly. 12 of the 103 boys (11.65%) wese treated due to their anomalies, These anomalies could be easily diagnosed on physical examination or even by parents. If genital organ anomalies can not be early diagnosed, ii rrıay be problem for family in the fiıture.

A screening program was perforrned at five hospital in Konya in which 4173 infants (range 3-24 months of age) were eamined. The goal of this study was to detection of incidense and related factors in the etiology of CDH. 56 infants with CDH were found (The incidense was 1.3%). The condition was 3 times more cornmon in girls than in boys (40 girls and 16 boys in this group). There was any infant with CDH who was delivered by ceserian section or breech presentation. Any teratologic CDH was detected. The relation of CDH with a definite family history and the hips were bundled in etension and adduction was found statistically significant.

Aim: Many scales have developed to assess daily living activities, clinical functions of patients with brachial plexus palsy. "Brachial Plexus Outcome Measure " was developed by Emily Ho in 2012, activity and self-rating substance scale consisting of components total 14 items. Aim of this study, make an inter-observer reliability of scale, to make clinical trial in patients.

Materials and Methods:Demographic and clinic datas recorded,"Brachial Plexus Outcome Measure " was applied by two different observers. Inter-observer reliability in items examined by using kappa statistic.

Results:Eighteen female (37.5%) totally 48 patients included. Mean inter-observer agreement in the items was almost perfect (kappa 0.93) in raters. Fitted statistics showed much variation in observers had moderate (kappa 0.57) agreement in items.

Conclusion: Between observes, “Brachial Plexus Outcome Measure” is reliable measurement for assessing functions in children with brachial plexus palsy in Turkey. Clinical usage is appropriate.

The aim of this study is exploring the effects of childbirth education, physiotherapy and psychotherapy-based interventions on fears and worries about childbirth and labour. Expectant mothers in the last trimester of gestation those did not have a delivery before were taken to the study. At first the participants were examined by a psychiatrist than sociodemographic data form Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ), Beck Depression and Beck Anxiety Inventories (BDI, BAI) were applied. Then 3 sessions each taking 60 minutes on possible physical and mental problems before birth were done, an exercise plan and recommendations for facilitating delivery were given to participants, information about possible physical and psychological problems after childbirth were given and their questions on these issue were answered. In results mean age of the group was found as 27.2±3.6. The mean gestational age was 35.7±2.3. Socio-demographic characteristics (age, education level, income level, etc.) was not found significantly correlated with the W-DEQ scores. W-DEQ 1 scores were positively correlated with BAI scores. In Wilcoxon test analyses W-DEQ 1 and W-DEQ 2 scores including all the subscales were significantly different p<0.001. As a conclusion on expectant mothers having their third trimester of pregnancy, education before childbirth was found helpful in reducing fears and negative thoughts related to childbirth.

This study included 126 Down syndrome cases (81 males and 45 females) who had regular trisomy 21 in 120 cases, chromosome 21q trisomy in 5 and a mosaic karyotype in one case. The ratio of males to females was found to be 2:1 in regular trisomy 21 and 1:4 in chromosome 21q trisomy. The study implicated that trans-locations that were found were mostly matemal in origin. it is alsa noteworthy that the frequency of consanguinity among the parents having children with Down syndrome (21.6%) was not different from the population fre-quency in Konya (23.2%). Moreover, the mean age of ~her having children with Down syndrome was de-termined to be 30.7

Aim: Executive function deficits are very common in attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD).
Recent studies suggest that common mechanisms in the pathophysiology of obesity and ADHD may be
related to impulse control and executive functions. This study aimed to compare the executive functions
and self-esteem levels of children and adolescents with ADHD with and without overweight/obesity. The
study also aimed to examine the relationships between overweight/obesity, executive functions, ADHD
and self-esteem in children and adolescents.
Patients and Method: Participants included 71 children/adolescents (mean age = 16.12±1.71; age range=
12-18 years; 71.83% males) with ADHD who applied to Gazi University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
outpatient clinics between March 2021 and April 2022 and did not use any medication. Participants
completed the Executive Functions Behavior Evaluation Inventory Scale (parent form), Conners Parent
Rating Scale-Revised Short Form and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale .
Results: Results showed that hyperactivity symptoms and working memory function were significant
predictors of self-esteem in adolescents with ADHD. In addition, when adolescents with ADHD were
compared according to their overweight/obesity level, significant differences were found between the
groups in working memory and planning/organization functions. However, no difference was found
between the groups in terms of self-esteem and ADHD severity.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that working memory and hyperactivity symptom severity may play an
important role in understanding the self-esteem of adolescents with ADHD. While no difference was found
in terms of self-esteem and ADHD clinic in adolescents diagnosed with ADHD according to overweight/
obesity status, differences in working memory and planning/organization skills suggest that executive
functions play a critical role in overweight/obesity in ADHD.

Essantial Thrombocythemia (ET) is a disease characterized by an increased platelets count, megakaryocyte hyperplasia and increased thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. ET is frequent in women and 15-20% of patients with ET are diagnosed in childbearing age. Pregnancy loss is more in patients with ET than normal population. Early pregnancy loss occurs in 1/3 of patients with ET. We present a women, with ET complicated with portal vein thrombosis who had 3 early and 1 late pregnancy loss with hydroxyurea treatment. She had live birth after treatment with interferonalfa (IFN-α) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). Aims of treatment of pregnant women with ET prevent of maternal complications and pregnancy loss due to vasooclusive events. Thus, treatment with IFN-α, aspirin and LMWH are safe and improve pregnancy outcomes.

Febrile seizures are seizures that occur in febrile children between the ages of 6and 60 months who do not have an intracranial infection, or history of afebrile seizures. In this study, the children’s demographic and clinical characteristics who had hospitalized for febrile seizures in Antalya Education and Research Hospital (AEAH) were reviewed. 56 children’s demographic and clinical characteristics who had hospitalized for febrile seizures between September 2011- January 2012 in AEAH were analysed retrospectively. Analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 version. 23 patients (41.1%) were male, 33 (58.9%) were female , mean age was 26.8 months, mean duration of hospitalized days were 3.5 days. Fever source was upper respiratory tract infection in 44 (78.6%) patients, lower respiratory tract infection in 6 (10.7%), acute otitis media in 2 (3.6%), urinary tract infection in 1 (1.8%), acute gastroenteritis in 1 (1.8%), hand–foot-mouth disease in 1 (1.8%), roseola infantum in 1 (1.8%) patient. Lumbar punction was done in 2 (3.6%) patients, one of them had aseptic menengitis and other had normally cerebrospinal fluid findings. 34 (60.7%) patients had first attack, 12 (21.4%) had second, 5 (8.9%) had third and 5 (8.9%) had more than three attacks. 4 (7.1%) patient’s seizures who had first febrile attack occured more than once in a 24 hour period. 4 (7.1%) patients had complex febrile seizures, 1 (1.8%) patient had febrile status epilepticus. These results suggest that most febrile seizures are simple, good prognosis and mostly causes of fever is upper respiratory tract infection.

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate whether Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii ) is effective on the bacterial colonization of perineal and periurethral areas in children and could be useful in protective treatment in children with recurrent urinary tract infections. Material and method: Fifty four children were included the study. Perineal and periurethral area cultures provided from each of these children were inoculated into the aerobic cultures seperately. Having been orally given only a single dose of 250 mg S. Boulardii per day for ten days, cultures were repeated. Results: Having been administered S. Boulardii, the number of the cultures which yielded Escherichia coli in both perineal and periurethral areas were found to be decreased significantly. No other uropathogens such as Klebsiella and Proteus were detected to be decreased. Conclusion: This study showed that S. Boulardii administration could be useful in the prevention of urinary tract infection recurrences.

The aim of this study is to compare thermal welding tonsillectomy (TWT), classic dissection tonsillectomy (CDT), and radiofrequency dissection tonsillectomy (RFT). This study included one hundred and thirty five adult and childhood patients undergoing tonsillectomy because of chronic tonsillitis or upper airway obstruction. By the tonsillectomy technique, the patients were divided into thermal welding tonsillectomy (TWT), classic dissection tonsillectomy (CDT), and radiofrequency dissection tonsillectomy (RFT) groups. These groups were assessed in terms of age, gender, duration of surgery, early postoperative pain, time to start normal diet, amount of intraoperative blood loss, postoperative bleeding, tonsillar fossa wound healing on the tenth postoperative day. There was no statistically significant difference between TWT and RFT groups in terms of average duration of surgery (p>0,001). When these two groups were compared with CDT group, a statistically significant difference was found (p0,001). When these two groups were compared with CDT group, a statistically significant difference was found (p

A male child with a rarely seen of congenital abnorrnality was presented. The syrnptorns were as follows; mild relative ptoıis, flated eornea, redusing in the horizontal and vertical diameter of cornea, indefinite iirrabbur, Bense eorneal band, narrowing of ilim pupil, high ayper metropia and alternant asotropia. A genetic inheritance in the pedigri has not been founded.

Aim: Renal biopsy is performed for the diagnosis and the decision of treatment of renal parenchymal diseases. The aim of this study was to evauate the clinicopathological findings of kidney biopsies. Material and Method: 78 percutan renal biopsies were performed by ultrasonography in our institution during the period between January 2000 and December 2006. Results: The most common renal biopsy indication was nephrotic syndrome (n:39, 50%). Other indications were association of nephrotic and nephritic syndrome (n:14, 18%) and nephritic syndrome (n:7, 9%). The most mikroskocommon nephropathy was mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (n:15, 19%) which was followed by Henoch Schonlein purpura nephritis (n:14, 18%), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (n:8, 10%) and lupus nephritis (n:8, 10%). Primary glomerular diseases (n:48, 62%) is more frequent than secondary glomeruler diseases (n:30, 38%). Conclusion: The present study which evaluated 78 renal biopsies showed that nephrotic syndrome was the most common indication for renal biopsy. Histopathologically, the most frequent nephropathy was mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that renal biyopsy results in children can show regional variances and have a fairly different distrubition from those of the adults.

İn this study the role ofoxygen free radicals in the etiopathogenesis of Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) in childhood and its relationship betvveen the clinical fındings were investigated. Tvventy three patients with an age range of 5 to 15 years and 25 healthy children were included. Carditis was observed in 17 of the patients. The ROM levels were determined at the time of diagnosis and periodically after than. Oxygen free radicals and its products were measured colorimetrically using dROM's kit (d-ROMs test, Diacron s.r.l. Diagnostics Division, Via Zircone n. 8-58100 Grosseto-İtaly). The plasma ROM level at the time of diagnosis compared to that of control group was found statistically significant (P<0.05). We observed a Progressive decrease in plasma ROM levels at days 15, 30 and 90. The patients with carditis didn't have statistically different plasma ROM levels compared to the patients without carditis. The plasma ROM level at day 90 was stili higher, though unsignifıcant, than that of the control group. İn this study, we conclude that the oxygen free radicals may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of ARF.

Urinary tuberculosis is the second most common presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis which is rarely seen during childhood. Symptoms usually occurs during adulthood. Onset of the disease may be asymptomatic and when clinical signs become apparent a serious damage of kidneys might have been already occurred. We report here an urinary tuberculosis diagnosed adolescent girl who presented with hematuria.

Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma (AFH) is a rare soft tissue tumour of indeterminate differentiation usually occurring in children and young adults with low rate of metastasis and recurrence. AFH continues to be revised with various studies reporting recurrences but up till now, the diagnostic criterion remains unclear with pathologists relying mainly on Enzinger’s description and immunohistochemistry. Adding to the fact that it is a rare tumour, diagnosis usually is delayed. We present a case of a 10 year old male with AFH with atypical histology, immunoprofile and genetic testing. Opinions were sought from Heidelberg hospital Germany and Children Hospital of Philadelphia which had contrasting views regarding the diagnosis, which was finally confirmed by Brigham and Women’s hospital, Boston. We review literature and discuss the possible differential diagnosis.

German measles (rubella) is a viral disease characterized by rash, fever and lymphadenopathy in children and adults. This disease is passed with mild symptoms in childhood, if the virus passes to the fetus during pregnancy, it leads to congenital rubella syndrome and can lead to many anomalies. The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of rubella IgG antibodies in women of marriage-age. In this study, Rubella IgG antibodies were investigated in the serum of marriage-age women who had attended to step one health care provider for premarital tests, prospectively. Tests were performed by Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Cobas, Roche, Almanya) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. 963 women who were between18-25 years old in marriage age were included in this study. Rubella IgG antibodies were positive in 929 (96.5%) and were negative in 34(3.5%) of them.The seroprevalence of rubella have been found to be high in Konya. Immunity continues during lifetime in individuals who suffered from infection but women in marriage age who had not been infected and unvaccinated are at risk. Vaccination of women attended for premarital tests may reduce morbidity and mortality associated with congenital rubella syndrome.

\r\n Prognostic importance of thrombocyte indices in children with carbon monoxide poisoning

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\r\n Abstract

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\r\n Objective: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is still being a major cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world. Although the role of platelet functions in CO poisoning is not clear, increased platelet activation and aggregation had been reported previously. Increased thrombotic tendency due to endothelial damage, increased platelet stickiness, and alterations in the fibrinolytic pathway occurs in CO poisoning. The aim of our study was to determine whether platelet indices provide clinical benefit or not in children with CO poisoning.

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\r\n Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviwed the records of children with the diagnosis of CO poisoning who admitted to the pediatric emergency departments of Konya Beyhekim State Hospital and Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty. A total of 92 children with CO poisoning and 62 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in the study.

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\r\n Results: While mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) levels were significantly higher (9,34±0,55 vs 9,78±0,97fL, p=0.001 ; 11,46±2,64 vs 10,57±1,41, retrospectively, p=0.007), platelet count and plateletcrit (PCT) (324,05±82,07 vs 357,27±89,70 x10⁹ p=0.015 ; 0,31±0,06 vs 0,33±0,07, retrospectively, p=0.039) were significantly lower in patients with CO poisoning. MPV levels were also significantly higher in patients with a carboxy hemoglobin (COHb) level higher than 20, when compared with COHb levels between 10-20 (9,40±0,84 vs 10,08±1,22 fL, p=0.003).

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\r\n Conclusion: Our results showed that platelet indices MPV and PDW are markedly elevated in patients with CO poisoning while platelet count and PCT were decreased. MPV and PDW levels, which reflect the changes in platelet activation and function, may predict the development of especially thromboembolic complications in the course of CO poisoning.  MPV and PDW levels may be useful in prognostic estimation of CO poisoning.

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\r\n Keywords: carbon monoxide; children; platelet indices; poisoning

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Absent pulmonary valve syndrome (APVS) is a rare congenital heart disease. It can be seen isolated or with other congenital heart diseases. Here, we presented a neonate with cyanosis and dyspnea because of APVS. A-female-newborn was referred to pediatric cardiology due to cyanosis, respiratory distress and prenatally diagnosed right ventricular dilatation. Rudimentary pulmonary valves and severe pulmonary and tricuspid regurgitations were determined postnatally with echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Additionally, main pulmonary artery and its branches were seen dilated. Unfortunately she died on third day of her life, although supportive and medical treatments were administered intensively. Most of APVS cases are a variant of Tetralogy of Fallot. But clinical findings, prognosis and hemodynamic conditions can be different. Infants requiring mechanical ventilation shold be undergone operation as soon as possible. Our case could not be operated because of unstable vital functions. Absent pulmonary valve syndrome should be considered as a differential diagnosis in neonates with cyanosis and respiratory distress. If prenatal diagnosis is present, we suggest that parturition should happen in a medical center includes pediatric cardiology and cardiovascular surgery and also neonatal intensive care unit.

Aim: Coughing is a common symptom in childhood. The cough last for over 4 to 6 weeks and also which makes patients the family and the doctor feel discomfort is called chronic cough. If this cough last long and repeats, it has to be investigated. After a detailed history and physical examination, distinctive studies have to be made. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patients, which have been made flexible bronchoscopy because of chronic cough, by their clinical, laboratory and bronchoscopic findings. Material and Method: In this study we evaluated 23 patients with chronic cough; which were examined between January 2002 and December 2006 in Pediatric Chest Unit of Hacettepe University. Patients have cough for over 4 to 6 weeks, without specific chest X Ray findings, gastroesophageal reflux and problem with their immunologic system were and because of all these reasons they have been made bronchoscopy. The patients files are analyzed retrospectively by their demographic, clinic and bronchoscopic findings. Results: The study consisted of 23 patients: (12 males/11 females). The age of the patients vary between 1 and 13,8 years (mean age: 5 years). All patient’s radiological findings were normal without one patient. This patient’s have bronchial abnormalities in sanal bronchoscopy. When it is observed with flexible bronchoscopy ten patients have abnormal findings. Two patients have foreing body aspiration in their left main bronchus, two patients have tracheomalasia, three patients have hyperemia and secretions infection and two have bronchial abnormalites.In six patients’ bronchoalveolar lavage microorganism grew. Three patients have lipid laden macrophage and two patients whose previous gastroesophageal reflux scintigraphie were negative then found in and started treatment Conclusion: Although flexible bronchoscopy is an invasive technique, it evaluates respiratory system’s functional, anatomic characteristics well and it is a valuable technique in finding the etiology of chronic cough.

Among 1030 students studying at Konya Industrial Vocational High School where our study was conducted, smoking habit was 22.04%, drinking habit 0.68% and drug use habit 0.097%. relatively smoking habits among students studying at the school showed compliance with the results of similar studies in other provinces of Turkey. The rate of drinking habit among both students and their fathers was found to be lower than the values ​​obtained from other provinces. It has been shown that among children whose parents have smoking and drinking habits, there is a statistically significant higher rate of smoking and drinking.

In this study the effect of swirn training on respiratory parameters, was investigated. The study was performed on the 6 to 14 years old children who were auending the swim training course in the siwimming pool of Konya. Respiratory parameters were tneasured al the beginning and the end of 6 weeks course and values were compared with each other. Consequently swirn training seemed to had increasing effect on the respiratory parameters. Results obtained in this study were comparable with previous experitnents

Amaç: Çocukluk döneminde Epstein-Barr virüsüne (EBV) nedenli enfeksiyöz mononükleoz olguları yüksek sıklıkta görülmektedir. Akut EBV enfeksiyonu belirti ve bulguları farklı klinik tablolarla kendini gösterebilmektedir. Çalışmamızda çocuklar arasında yaş ve yüksek riskli yaş gruplarına göre akut EBV enfeksiyonlarının klinik sunumunun incelenmesi amaçlandı.

Aim: In childhood, infectious mononucleosis cases caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are seen with high frequency. The signs and symptoms of acute EBV infection can manifest with different clinical pictures. Care should be taken in differential diagnosis for correct treatment. In our study, it was aimed to examine the clinical presentation of acute EBV infections by age and high-risk age groups among children.

Patients and Methods: A total of 337 pediatric patients with infectious mononucleosis who applied to our tertiary hospital in 2013-2020 were included in the study. EBV VCA IgM and IgG antibodies were studied by ELISA method (quantitative microplate ELISA, Euroimmun®, Germany) in accordance with company recommendations. Patient information and results were evaluated retrospectively.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 5.1 ± 3.4 years. 22.8% of the patients were in the group of 0-2, 43.0% of them were 3-5, 29.7% of them were 6-12, and 4.5% of them were 12 years old and above. The most common signs or symptoms in children diagnosed with acute EBV infection were lymphadenopathy (59.6%), lymphocytosis (45.1%), fever (40.9%), swelling in the throat (39.2%) and pharyngitis (30.0%). Fever complaints were significantly higher between the ages of 3-5 compared to other age groups. The seasonal distribution of the cases was similar. It was determined that the cases increased over the years and the most cases were seen in 2019 (23.4%). It was observed that the time between the start of complaints and the application to the hospital increased directly proportional to age groups.

Conclusion: In our study, it was concluded that there was no difference in acute EBV infection in childhood age groups in terms of signs and symptoms, and the number of cases increased slightly over the years, especially in children with lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly.

Adult Still’s disease is a rare systemic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology and its pathogenesis has not been clarified yet. Since, there is no specific diagnostic test the diagnosis is made by clinical symptoms. It is characterized by high fever, arthralgia or arthiritis and transient maculopapular rash. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents are used in the treatment. Here, we present two cases with unusual clinical manifestations which are diagnosed as adult Still’s disease.

İn this study; lumbar and thoracic epidural applications under sedation in school age children were presented. Thoracic epidural catheters were inserted before elective thoracotomies and were combined with general anes­ thesia. Lumbar epidural catheters were inserted in the emergency orthopedic cases that had contraindication for general anesthesia and were combined with sedation.

Aim: Studies of paediatric acute pancreatitis have remained in the shadow of adult literature for many
years, and have only increased following the recent acceptance of the severity classification. There is now
a need to determine inflammatory biomarkers which will be able to rapidly predict in the early stage which
patients will develop severe disease. This study's purpose was to research the efficacy as early predictors
and determine cutoff values for inflammatory biomarkers including the systemic immune-inflammation
index (SII), and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR).
Patients and Methods: A retrospective evaluation was made of the clinical characteristics, laboratory
test results, and imaging findings of 53 children diagnosed with acute pancreatitis between 2019-2022.
The study population were separated into groups as ‘mild’ and ‘moderately severe-severe’ according
to severity. The groups were compared in respect of inflammatory markers. Factors predicting disease
severity were evaluated with ROC curve analysis. For the significant cutoff values, positive predictive
value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity and s pecificity were calculated.
Results: The NLR, and SII values were found to be statistically significantly higher in the “moderately
severe-severe” group than in th “mild” group (p<0.001 for all). The cutoff values of NLR≥3.33 (AUC:0.894,
95% CI:0.81-0.979, PPV 89.7%, NPV 83.3%), and SII≥1225.57 (AUC:0.912, 95% CI:0.831-0.992, PPV
90.0%, NPV 87.0%) were determined to be able to predict disease severity with high sensitivity and
specificity.
Conclusion: The NLR, and SII are inflammatory biomarkers that can make an early prediction of a poor
outcome in paediatric acute pancreatitis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to have
evaluated the prognostic importance of these biomarkers, in pae diatric acute pancreatitis.

Occurance of measles cases in previously vac-cinated children necessiate to investigate. the im-munity due to measles vaccination. In this study, le-vels of measles antibodies were evaluated in 617 children who had been immunized and had not had measles disease in the region of Konya. Twenty four percent of all children were se-ronegative. The rates of seronegativity were 25 % and 14.8 % in those who had one and two vac-cinations, respectively (p=0.075). Those who lived in villages had higher rates of seronegativity than those lived in cities (25 % vs 20 %). The time of re-ceiving first vaccine did not affect the seronegativity in twice vaccinated group. The rate of seronegativity was significantly higher in children vaccinated be-fore 9 mo. Generally the rate of seronegativity was high when compared to other studies. The rate of se-ronegativity increased as the time passed in children who were immunized at 8 mo, whereas no sig-nificant increase was noted after 6-7 years in child-ren vaccinated at older ages. Our study showed that the rate of seronegativity was very high in children who had measles im-munization at an early age and they should be given a repeat dose within a short time after the first one and great care must be paid to minimize errors re-lated to vaccine storing rules and immunization practices.

Pregnancy habits of motIzers and their relation to child ınortality have been studied between March and May of 1991. Mothers between 15-24 years of age, consanquinity, the intervals less than 2 years betwe-en pregnancies, pregnancy less than 38 weeks, igno-rance of tetanus immunization, meals largely related cereal nutrition and lackiness of nutritive balance, weight gain less than 9 kg, lack of prenatal health care, multiple pregnancy increased infant and child monality rate and this increase was statistically me-aningffil (p<0.05). Unspecified illnesses during pregnancy and vomiting, increase in food intake pa-rallel pregnx2ncy, and undesirable pregnancy diri not affect infant and child monality significantly.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of nausea and vomiting. Age at onset of symptoms ranges between 4–6 years and there is a female predominance. CVS attacks are generally associated with psychosocial or physical triggers. In last years a shared pathophysiology between migraine and CVS has suggested. Children with CVS and their mothers have elevated rates of anxiety disorders. In this report, we presented a 5-year-old girl who referred to our out-patient clinic because of recurrent vomiting episodes. Because of her anxiety symptoms and vomiting attacks, escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was initiated and she had significant improvement during treatment.

Lymphangiomas are rare in adult patients. This is a case report of a 27-year-old female who developed lymphangioma in axillary area with shoulder pain. She was successfully treated with excision of the lymphangioma.

This study was carried oral retrospectively at Selçuk University Family Center covering the di-vorce cases lı-oın the law-court files 1993 in Konya. The inf'ormation on the divorce registers ►eı-e exa-nıined carefidly and Conflict Tactic Scale is revised for adapting the divorce cases due ta spousal agg-ression towards married women. There result ob-tained data vere analyzed according to minitab sta-tistical programe. Total 526 divorce cases accured in Konya 1993 and divorce due ta agression was found that verbal aggression represented the major cause of divorce (42.44%) followed by physical (33.09%) and verbal and physical aggression (24.46%). The age difference hetween the spouses, espe•ialy signıficant (p<0.05). That is most divorce due to aggresion was occurred between 21-32 yeaı-s of married women age. On the other hand the age of spouses at the time of marriage, the husbands age at the time of divorce, the duration of marriage, the number of either man ör woman did not show sta-significant influence on the divorce due to aggression. As a result, it can be concluded that aggression towards women in general is a major cause of divorce and physical and abusive agg-ression is the serious aspect of divorce due ta agg-r-ession.

 

Aim: The aim of this study was to primarily investigate the effects of selected anesthesia method on anxiety, patient satisfaction and pain level in elective caesarean section, and secondarily obtain information about quality of service.

Materials and Methods: The study was carried out as a prospective questionnaire in the Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation the Meram Medical Faculty Hospital of Necmettin Erbakan University between June 2017 and August 2017, on 160 volunteers aged between 18 and 45 years for whom elective cesarean section under General Anesthesia (GA) or Spinal Anesthesia (SA) was planned. Demographic data of the patients such as age, place of residence, education level, number of children, and cesarean experiences were recorded. In the preoperative and postoperative period, anxiety levels were measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-D), pain levels were measured by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores and satisfaction levels were evaluated at postoperative 6th and 24th hours by (Quality of Recovery: QoR 40 T) questionnaire.

Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the patients' preoperative and postoperative anxiety scores and demographic data (p> 0.05). Patients with previous cesarean experience had lower preoperative anxiety levels (p <0.05). The STAI-D scores and the numbers of patients with anxiety in the GA and SA groups were similar (p> 0.05).Postoperative anxiety levels were significantly lower in both groups than in the preoperative period (p <0.05). VAS values of the SA group at the 6th and 24th hours were significantly higher than the group treated with GA.(p<0.05). The 24th hour VAS values of the SA group were higher than the VAS values at the 6th hour (p <0.05). In the GA group, VAS values at 24th hour were lower than the VAS values at 6th hour (p <0.05). The satisfaction levels of general anesthesia and spinal anesthesia were similar in the postoperative period (p> 0.05). Complaint of headache was high in SA group while complaint of sore throat was high in GA group(p<0.05). While there was no correlation between anxiety level, VAS values and satisfaction level (p> 0.05), there was a negative correlation between VAS values and pain parameters, which are the subgroup of satisfaction questionnaire, in both groups (p <0.05).

Conclusion: It is concluded that the preferred anesthesia method in elective cesarean section has no effect on anxiety and satisfaction, and the patient satisfaction level and service quality will be improved by providing effective analgesia by reviewing our postoperative pain algorithm.

 

Hemangiomas are the most common congenital lesions and they are the most common tumors of childhood(1). Vascular malformations are common lesions accounting for approximately 7% of all benign tumours(2). Although the head and neck region comprises only 14% of the body surface, 65% of hemangiomas arise from this region(1). MRI in the diagnosis of hemangiomas and hemangiomas regressed with medical therapy in childhood is a very useful imaging method for assessing response to treatment.

Aim: Forearm supination deformity is a serious sequela of brachial plexus birth palsy(BPBP) that affects
both functionality and apperance. In the early phase, soft tissue procedures are preferred whereas bone
procedures are preferred in the late phase. In this study, the techniques of forearm supination deformity
restoration and their results were evaluated.
Patients and Methods: Forty three children (mean age of 8.2 years) were included in the study. Eighteen
patients had soft tissue procedures and 25 patients had bone procedures. For soft tissue procedures, 14
patients had bracioradialis re-routing pronatorplasty and 4 patients had biceps re-routing procedures. For
bone procedures, 10 patients had radius rotation osteotomies, 11 patients had radial head excisions and
9 patients had distal radio-ulnar synostosis. Preoperative and postoperative active and passive forearm
supination and pronation degrees were measured goniometrically .
Results: The mean preoperative and postoperative active pronation degrees for brachioradialis re-routing
pronatorplasty and biceps re-routing changed from -32.8° to 30.7° and from -40° to 42.5° respectively.
The mean preoperative and postoperative active pronation degrees for radius rotation osteotomy, radial
head excision and distal radio-ulnar synostosis changed from -70° to -4° and from -53° to 43° and -80°
to -19° respectively .
Conclusion: Satisfactory functional and postural improvements may be obtained with palliative surgeries
that involve either the soft tissue or the bone in the setting of forearm supination deformities that are late
sequelae of BPBP.

In this experimental study, adult rat mesenteric lymph node macrophages were selected as a model. The internal structure properties of macrophages were examined under transmission electron microscope levels under different experimental conditions. Thirty male Swiss white rats weighing 200-250 g were used. Three rats were selected for the control and 9 experimental groups (Table 1). Horse serum was used as antigen and Chinese ink was used as foreign material in the experiments. In both, it was given intraperitoneally (intraperitoneally) in certain units and durations (Table 1). Findings were evaluated at electron microscope levels.

The efficacy and tolerability of sulbactam / cefoperazone was evaluated in adult patients with complicated urinary infections due to an underlying anatomical or functional urinary system pathology. Randomly selected 35 patients received 1 g of 1M / 1V sulbactam / cefoperazone every 10 days and 12 hours. Patients were evaluated clinically, and urine cultures were obtained on the 4th day of treatment and 10 and 30 days after cessation of treatment. Curative treatment was provided in 79% of the patients. Our results showed that sulbactam / cefoperazone is an effective and tolerable antibiotic in the treatment of complicated urinary infections in adult patients.

Bezoars are concretions in the gastrointestinal tract that increase in size by continuous accumulation of non-absorbable food or fibers. Most bezoars in children are trichobezoars from swallowed hair from the dolls or brushers. Trichobezoars typically cause abdominal pain and nausia, but can also present as an asymptomatic abdominal mass, progressing to intestinal obstruction and perforation. It is predominantly found in emotionally disturbed or mentally retarded youngers. We report a case of an unusual giant trichobezoar in 8-year-old girl. It was not extracted endoscopically, because it was huge and passed into the duodenum. Attempts at dissolving the bezoar with enzymes (papain) or meat tenderizers have not been efficacious. The abdomen was explored through a supraumblical median incision, an approximately 15X3 cm trichobezoar in diameter was identified in 50 cm distance from ileocecal segment, and was removed. In addition, ischemic and rupture 10 cm jejunal segment was repaired. These two rupture segments were repaired using Heineke Mikulicz procedure.

Background: The aim of this study was to develop a fructose- and iron-mediated model of steatohepatitis, which is similar to the human phenotype.

Methods: We randomly divided ninety 1.5 months old female Wistar-Albino rats into three groups. All three groups contained 30 rats in each group and 5 subgroups per group. While the control group was fed ad libitum, the fructose group’s feed consisted of 60% fructose in drinking water and that of the fructose-iron group consisted of 60% fructose in drinking water along with intraperitoneal administration of iron every 2 weeks. We performed laparotomies at 2-week intervals (at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks) in all subgroups.

Results: None of the groups had hepatosteatosis or fibrosis at the end of the 10th week. Hepatocellular ballooning scores were significantly higher in the fructose-fed groups than in the control group (p<0.001). At 10th week serum ferritin levels in the fructose-iron group were significantly higher than those in the control and fructose groups (p<0.001). Iron accumulation in the rat liver was observed in the fructose-iron group histopathologically by the 4th week.

Conclusion: Chemically and histopathologically, a model of steatohepatitis can not be developed in young and female rats with 60% concentrated fructose feeding and administration of iron for 10 weeks. To develop a model of steatohepatitis resembling the human phenotype, it is more advisable and feasible to use adult male rats fed meals combined with fructose in order to maintain adequate hydration and nutrition for at least 16 weeks.

STUDY AIM: In this study, it was aimed to identify the accurate and inaccurate conceptions among the society on COVID-19 disease, which is considered as a public health problem and has a high risk of transmission. 

METHODS: The research was performed online at https://docs.google.com/forms in May 2020. The questionnaire form was composed of 40 queries, which were on sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19. Following the study, the answers obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed by inserting related data to the software of SPSS. 

RESULTS: Of 580 participants involved in the study, 363 (62.6%) were female. The median age of the participants was 34.0 (18.0-77.0). Of the individuals who completed the questionnaire, 342 (59.0%) were married and 438 (75.5%) were university graduated and / or postgraduated. Of the individuals included in the study, 497 (85.6%) stated that they watched television / news channels to be informed about COVID-19. Most of the questions related to COVID-19 were answered accurately by the participants. The percentage of the premise, which was answered most accurately, was 577 (99.5%), whereas the lowest percentage of the accurately answered premise was 137 (23.6%). It was found that there was a statistically significant difference among the genders in terms of the percentage of accurate responses to the conceptions (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION: It was determined that the vast majority of the participants utilized from at least one news resource on COVID-19. Participants typically have accurate knowledge about COVID-19. Educational programs can be planned to enhance the awareness of the society about the conceptions, which were answered mostly inaccurately.

Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration is a common and lifethreatening problem in childhood and adulthood and an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Recurrent respiratory tract infections may be due to foreign body aspiration. Aspirates includes frequently; toys, coins, beans, nuts, peanut, kernel, dried legumes, and sugars in children and; food, awn, turban pins, metallic objects and dental prosthesis in the adults, respectively. If foreign body aspiration may caused to complete or nearly total occlusion, in this time the object have to be removed urgently. Although flexible bronchoscopy can be used to remove of foreign bodies in children and adults, rigid bronchoscopy remains the gold standard all the time.

Aim: Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy has been used for treatment, although it has not been Corona
Virus 2019 Disease (COVID-19) specific antiviral agent so far. However, the effectiveness of CP treatment
on prognosis and mortality is still a matter of debate. In this study, we aimed to share our experiences
about the ef fectiveness of CP treatment in COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 126 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who received
CP treatment in addition to standard treatment between May 2020 and February 2021. 126 patients were
divided into two groups as those who underwent SP within the first five days (Group A) and after five days
(Group B). The patients in these two groups were evaluated in terms of laboratory parameters, clinical
and mortality.
Results: A total of 126 patients were identified (86 patients in Group A and 40 patients in Group B). 119
(94.4%) patients were discharged with recovery, 7 (5.5%) patients died. The mean days of hospitalization
were found to be 11.4±0.7 in Group A and 18.4±1.7 in Group B (p<0.001). Treatment-related lymphocyte,
PLT, fibrinogen and CRP main effect of change was significant (p<0.001). However, the results were
marginally significant when the two groups were compared in terms of D-dimer. When the simple effect is
evaluated; Group A as not significant, while group B was significant. Starting CP treatment 5 days before
or 5 days later did not change the laboratory parameters. However, D-dimer was marginally significant
(p=0.058).
Conclusion: In our study, it was shown that early initiation of CP treatment reduced the hospitalization,
but had no ef fect on mortality and laboratory parameters.

Insulin receptor binding and levels on circulating lymphocytes in 13 healthy children. Their ages were changing between 9-17 years. The insülin binding rate(insulin receptor level) was found between 9,10 percent and 11,81 percent. The finding results were higher than in adults.

184 of 1111 patients admitted ta hospital with chest injuries were children during 14 year period. 110 of them had blunt chest injuries, 55 stab wounds and 19 gunshot wounds. in 96.19 percentage of cases conservative treatment was giyen, surgical tre-atment was carried in 3.81 % of them.. Death was not occur in any case.

Major malformation screening was made in 7868 mewborns at Konya Maternity and Children Care State Hospital, Turkey, January through October in 1988. Newborns, 28 weeks old and over were subjected to physical examination and the blood type determinations when needed. Blood type determinations were made for all mothers who gave birth. During 10 months period, of the 7868 babies born 3762 were female and the remaining 4106 babies were males. Among the 218 stillborn babies, 95 of them were female and 123 were males. 75 babies born with major malformations, and 66 (88%) of 75 had single and the remaining 9 (12%) had multiple malformations. The overall incidence is found ta be 0.9% and 0.11% for single and multiple malformations, respectively. About 51% of 66 newborns had musculo-skeletal system, 30% central nervous system, 14% digestive system, 1,5% circulatory systern, 1,5% urogenital system malformations, respectively. Also, musculo-skletal system malformations were found more often in males than female infants. Similarly, pes equino-varus was predorninant among the males whereas polydactylism among the females. In musculo-skeletal malformation system, stillbirth frequency is rather low (3 females and 1 male out of 33 malformed cases). The most stillbirths were seen in central nervous system (13 female and 3 male out of 20 cases). Anencephalus seemed to appear more often in female infants !han the male ones, and anencephalus and hydrocephalus females were stillborn infants. Multiple major malformations

The essential feature of this disorder is a marked inzpairment in speech fluency characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of so. unds or syllables. [Ip until now it has been considered to be a neurotic condition, a learned behavior or structurel disorder. Never the lens, the cause of this disorder has not been established for certain.In (his study to onlighten the etiology of (his condition dıllerences related to sex has been investigated. With (his aim medical records of 45 children diagnosed as stuitering, has been reviewed, differences documented and compared. in statistical calculations t-test has been used. As a rest& of this study it has been found that in females emotional trauma prior to illness, family history of psychiatric disorder and family disharmony vere significantly more abundant compared to males. These results suggest that in stuttering emotional factor may be presipitating or etiological factors in females more so than males.

In this article, our aim was to evaluate clinical features of acute septic arthritis in relations to its prognosis. One hundred andfifiy-nine patients whose ages ranged fr-om 10 days to 72 years were reviewed two Orthopaedic Clinics in Konya and Kayseri. A compararive analysis was made by dividing the pa-tients into three age groups. First group contained 20 infants vounger [han one year of age. One hundred and six children between 1 and 16 years of age are included in the second group. Patients older than 17 years of age, 33 of them, made up the third group. The hip joim was involved in 70 patients represented largely the first and the second group. The knee was involved in 59 patients. Majority of the third group patients had knee involvement. Microorganisms iso-lated from the cultures of these joints were predorni-nantly Staphylococcus aureus which was followed by gram-negative bactarias.

In the echocardiography laboratory of the pediatric cardiology unit of our faculty, 371 patients who underwent echocardiographic examination in the first six months of their activation were examined from different aspects. It was found remarkable that acute rheumatic carditis is an important health problem for our region. The results obtained were compared with the literature data.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding disease. ROP continues to be a leading cause of blindness of newborn in areas of the world that provide neonatal intensive care services to premature newborns. The aim of this review is to evaluate the new technical improvements and treatment modalities under current data. Increased number of Newborn Intensive Care Units leads to survive of incerased number of immature babies which in turn leads to increased number of premature infants to be screened and eyes to be treated. Although the current gold standart of screening method is examination by an experienced opthalmolog with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, a new debate arose that claims digital retinal photographs may be taken and evaluated in the remote reading centers by experienced ophthalmologists. On the other hand intravitreal injection of single dose of anti-VEGF may replace the more destructive cryotherapy and laser at the treatment aspect. Recent technical and medical improvements may induce major changes at the screening and treatment protocols of PR.

Aim: Hypoxemia is a vital criterion used to determine prognosis in coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
cases. This study thus examined the effectiveness of capillary refill time (CRT) in defining hypoxiadependent
disease severity in COVID-19 patients.
Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted with COVID-19 patients and an agematched
healthy group. The optimum test ambiance was provided, and a stable smartphone platform
was used to record the measurements (in ms) to standardize our method. The captured videos were then
evaluated using a video processing program.
Results: In total, 39 patients with COVID-19 and 40 control groups participated in this study. The patients
were further divided into the moderate (n = 25) or severe group (n = 14) according to disease severity.
The mean oxygen saturation of both moderate/severe groups was above 94%. Per disease severity, the
CRT measurements were higher in the severe group than in the moderate group (p = 0.009). In patients
without lymphopenia (n = 18), CRT values were found to be increased in the severe group (p = 0.008).
The use of CRT in patients with Covid-19 was practicable (AUC: 0.91; 95% CI 0.848-0.978; P = 0.001).
Conclusions: Our results show that CRT prolongation can occur in patients with COVID-19. In patients
without lymphopenia and with normal O2 levels, detecting CRT prolongation may be a criterion for early
admission to ICU.

We examined 66 children's kidney with ultraso-nography. They were between 2 and 12 years. Renal size has determined by ultrasonography. Renal length and width vary with age, height, and weight.