Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the perioperative and postoperative follow-up results of patients operated for a parotid mass.

Materials and Methods: A total of 66 patients who were operated between 2000 and 2011, were evaluated retrospectively.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 48,6. On the basis of post-operative histopathologic assessement, 61 of the cases were found to be primary benign, 3 of the cases  primary malignant and 2 of the cases secondary malignant. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common in primary benign tumors group with 29 cases, Warthin tumors were in the second place with 14 cases. Adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and expleomorphic adenoma were observed as primary malignant tumors. Both of the seconder malignant tumors were metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma. Sensitivity and specifity of the preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy in the benign-malignant differentiation were found as 60 % and 96 %, respectively. Superfacial parotidectomy, total parotidectomy and radical parotidectomy were used as surgical procedures. In addition to this procedure, neck dissection was performed in several cases. The most frequent complication was temporary facial nerve paresis.

Conclusion: Fine needle aspiration biopsy is an effective diagnostic procedure for the benign-malignant differentiation of the parotid tumors. Superfacial parotidectomy is an adequate and efficient surgical procedure for the benign parotid tumors and complication risk is considerably low when applied carefully. For malignant tumors, superfacial, total or radical parotidectomy should be performed and when necessary, neck dissection and postoperative radiotherapy should be added to the treatment.

 Primary Epiploic Appendagitis is a self-limited condition without need any surgery. It can be conservatively treated after diagnosis with Computerized Tomography. We discuss a healthy 36-year-old man who admitted to our emergency clinic with sudden onset abdominal pain.

 Celiac disease is the only life-long continuing food intolerance. This intolerance, caused by gluten, endamages the structure of small intestine and prevents the absorption of nutritional elements. Celiac disease is usually related with other auto-immune diseases. Rate of this disease in our country is increasing in time. It can be seen in people of different ages and different clinical findings. In our day, the most efficient way of treatment is removal of gluten from daily diet. Gluten-free diet that step in treatment phase, affects the living of individual in a period in which growth and development is most rapid. By applying the gluten-free diet strictly, the risk of complications like low bone mineral density and intestine malignite related with the disease, can be decreased. However, it is not always easy to apply and keep track of gluten-free diet by family or child. Moreover, gluten-free diet can cause excess of some nutritional elements (saturated fat), gaining high calorie, and poorness of some nutritional elements (fiber, folic acid, vitamin B ₁₂, iron, zinc, magnesium). Particularly, gluten-free products, when compared with their gluten-including equivalents, have less magnesium, fiber, and folic acid, as well as they are far more expensive. It is determined that a lot of patient considered "resistant" to diet treatment are also eating gluten-including food. Therefore, gluten-free diet should be planned and followed well, and family and child should be educated. This editted article is about, celiac disease, diet treatment for celiac disease, principles of the diet treatment, concordance to the diet, and the factors that effects this concordance.

Cancer is a serious genetic disease caused by a series of disorders in the genome. Development of hightroughput sequencing approaches as well as the publication of large-scale projects have enabled the identification of several non-coding RNA molecules that are differentially expressed in various types of cancer. It has been reported that ncRNA transcripts such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have critical roles in the development and progression of cancer and can be used in the diagnosis/treatment of cancer. In particular, miRNAs are small RNA molecules which control gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play critical roles in the important hallmark capabilities of cancers such as metastasis, invasion, cell proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. Similarly, lncRNAs have also been identified as RNA transcripts that have important roles in the understanding of the molecular mechanism of cancer. Accordingly, in this comprehensive review, functional ncRNA molecules without protein coding capacity such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and T-UCRs and the hallmarks of cancer were discussed together with a current perspective. 

The hydatid cysts that are common geographically over the world; causing serious complications and considered as a high recurrent average disease . In spite of the infective nature of the disease; the primary treatment is a surgical one . And in this point the surgery techniques and the using of the scolicidal agents is important to increase the chances of the successful treatment.

In the literature, there is not enough information about the determination of the most effective scolicidal substances. Therefore clinically there are different opinions in the using of the different agents

In this study, in –vitro we investigated the activity of some frequent used scolicidal substances related to the time . All the agents that used in our study for 20 minutes were successful. But we have seen that the earliest and the most effective response is noticed with praziquantel. These findings that demonstrate the success of praziquantel to kill E. granulosus are proposing to support the medical treatment.

To determine the ideal scolicidal material that will be used in the medical and the surgical E.granulosus treatment, and its side effects more efficiencies-study analysis must be performed

Objective: The aim was to review the hormonal status, treatment and histopathological diagnosis of patients admitted to our endocrinology outpatient clinic with the diagnosis of adrenal incidentaloma.

Material and Methods:Between 2015-2018, 217 patients with adrenal incidentaloma who were admitted to the endocrinology outpatient clinic were included in the study. 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST), 24 hour urine free cortisol, 24-hour urine methanephrine and normetanephrine levels were evaluated in all patients.Patients who also have hypertension or hypokalemiawere screened for the plasma aldosterone/renin activity ratio. CT or MRI imaging properties of adrenal incidentalomas were screened.

Results: In the evaluation of cases; 180 (83%) of the masses were evaluated as non-functional and 37 (17%) as functional. Of the 37 patients evaluated as having functional adrenal mass; 10 (4.6%) pheochromocytoma, 5 (2.3%) Cushing's syndrome, 9 (4.1%) subclinical Cushing’s syndrome and 13 (6%) primary hyperaldesteronism were detected. In 180 patients who were evaluated as having non-functional adrenal mass; metastatic disease in 7 (3 non-small cell lung cancer, 1 breast cancer, 1 prostate carcinoma and 2 unknown primary cancer), myelolipoma in 4, ganglioneuroma in 1, hydatid cyst in 1, adrenocortical carcinoma in 2 patients were detected.

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is not uncommon for adrenal incidentalomas to be functional. It may be malignant in some cases. For this reason, adrenal incidentaloma is a condition that should be examined both in terms of
functionality and malignancy potential.

Abstract

Objective

There is still no consensus on nonoperative management (NOM) for the treatment of patients with liver injury due to multiple trauma. In this study, we aimed to present our experience in patients who underwent NOM in our hospital due to liver injury resulting from blunt trauma.

Material & Methods

In this study, a total of 104 patients who presented to our hospital with liver injury due to multiple trauma were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with successful NOM and those who underwent laparotomy due to failure of NOM were grouped.

Results

All of the 104 patients had solid organ injury due to blunt abdominal trauma, and 58 of these had thorax trauma. NOM was successfully performed in 94 patients with liver injury due to blunt abdominal trauma. The treatment was converted to surgery in 10 patients during conservative follow-up. According to injury grades; 35 patients were graded as Grade 1, 23 patients as Grade 2, 24 patients as Grade 3, and 12 patients as Grade 4. Data of 10 patients with liver trauma and NOM failed were compared with those of the NOM group.

Conclusion

The development of complications increases in patients with high-grade injury or those accompanied by thorax trauma. The rate of complications is high in patients who receive NOM in Grade 4 injury.

Acute pancreatitis is an important cause of acute abdominal pain in children and requires prompt treatment because it may become life-threatening. The incidence of acute pediatric pancreatitis is increasing. Although epidemiology of acute pancreatitis, clinical manifestations and acute pancreatitis course in children are generally different than in adults, information about etiology, management and results are obtained on the basis of adult studies. In most cases, inflammation may limit itself, but in some cases acute pancreatitis, acute recurrent pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis may progress. It is necessary to provide optimal management in the acute period of pancreatitis in children, as this may prevent secondary conplications. In this review we summarise the epidemiology of acute pancreatitis, role of imaging and imaging findings in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, treatment methods and management and complications of acute pancreatitis.

ABSTRACT

Objective: Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract and the fourth leading cancer among women. Our aim is to share the surgical treatment and results of endometrial cancer cases in our gynecological oncology clinic.

Material and Methods: In this study, the records of 164 endometrial cancer patients operated by the same surgical team between 2009-2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical, surgical and histopathological features of the patients are presented here. Four patients who had sarcoma as a result of pathology, 7 patients who underwent complementary surgery and 1 patient with a second primary tumor were not included in the study.

Results: The mean age of the patients included in our study was 61.3 and the mean body mass index was 25.8. According to the postoperative pathology results; mean tumor size was 3.4 cm and mean number of collected lymph nodes was 28.8. Lymph node metastasis was observed in 19 patients and all of the metastases were in pelvic lymph nodes. Endometrioid type adenocarcinoma was seen in 81% of the patients. Myometrial invasion > 50% in 81 patients (49.4%). Twenty patients (12.2%) had cervical involvement, 11 patients (6.7%) had adnexal involvement and 28 patients (17.1%) had lymphovascular area invasion. 76 patients (46.3%) were grade 1, 61 patients (37.2%) were grade 2, 19 patients (11.6%) were grade 3. When the patients were staging according to the FIGO system in 2009, 70 (42.7%) stage 1A, 58 (35.4%) stage 1B, 12 (7.3%) stage 2, 3 (1.8%) stage 3A 17 patients (10.4%) were stage 3C1 and 4 patients (2.4%) were stage 4.

Conclusion: Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer, and it is usually diagnosed at an early stage as a result of early signs. Tumor size, depth of myometrial invasion and histopathologic grade are used to evaluate the risk of the disease, but studies with a higher number of high stage patients will be more useful in determining the risk.

Postburn contractures in the upper extremities limit the function of the hand and arm. A 25-year-old female patient was admitted to our outpatient clinic for contracture of the left wrist since the age of three. On examination, the patient had an extension contracture of approximately 120 degrees in the left wrist. The patient's contracture was opened with an incision and the defect was closed with an abdominal flap. We think that abdominal flap is a good alternative for the treatment of postburn contractures.

Purpose:

Primary and metastatic digestive system malignant melanomas are extremely rare. In our study, we aimed to compare lymph node metastasis with clinical and pathological parameters in gallbladder, stomach, small intestine and anorectal region malignant melanomas.

Materials and methods:

This retrospective study included 20 cases diagnosed with malignant melanoma in the gastrointestinal tract organs between January 2010 and January 2020 at XXXXXXXXXXXX. In our study, we wanted to evaluate the relationship between regional lymph node metastasis and age, gender, tumor localization, tumor size, extraintestinal melanoma history, melanin pigment, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and post-diagnosis life span in primary and metastatic malignant melanoma cases. We also reviewed the origin and literature of the cells from which melanoma originates in the digestive system.

Results:

There was a statistical relationship between tumor diameter and regional lymph node metastasis (p =0.000). As the tumor diameter increased, the lymph node metastasis rate increased. There was a relationship between survival and gender, tumor localization, distant metastasis, primary and metastatic digestive system melanoma (all p <0.05). Most of the men and those who did not metastasize away from the digestive system were alive. All patients with melanoma metastases to the digestive system and all patients with gallbladder and small intestine localization were alive. Our 70 year old patient with gallbladder primary malignant melanoma was the oldest patient we could identify in the literature.

Conclusions:

Regardless of cutaneous or origin, all melanomas originate from melanocytes, cells derived from embryological nerve crest. Malignant melanoma can be primary in every region, more frequently in the anorectal region in the gastrointestinal tract. The most common metastasis is to the small intestine. Accurate diagnosis is vital in places where it is rarely seen, such as the digestive system. Recently, in metastatic melanoma, immuno-oncological agents are used in adjuvant therapy to help prevent metastatic spread of the disease. Thanks to these treatments, it is reported that more than half of patients with melanoma who have the risk of metastasis after surgical resection provide recurrence-free survival. Although it is very rare, it should be kept in mind that there may be primary or metastatic malignant melanoma in the evaluation of digestive system biopsies.

Objective: The aim of our study is evaluate the association between serum vitB12 levels at time of diagnosis and clinical and laboratory signs in multiple myeloma patients.

Material and Methods: Patients were divided into two groups; those had low and normal levels of vitB12. Groups were analized by using independent simple T, Mann Whitney U and chi-square tests considering by distrubition characteristics of data.

Results: Two hundred-and-twelve patients' records were examined retrospectively. Forty-one (32%) patients had low vitB12 levels. In patients with low vit B12 levels, bone marrow plasma cell ratios were also significantly lower than those found normal vit B12 levels (median %30 vs %50, respectively) (p: 0,024). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, lytic bone lesion numbers, and serum levels of total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, ß2-microglobulin, calcium, creatinin, albumin. However, 11 patients (%26,8) in low vitB12 group had anemia, while 44 (%50,5) patients in normal vitB12 group had. So, anemia was more often in vitamin B12 normal group patients (p: 0,019). No difference was found in terms of myeloma ISS and R-ISS stages in two patient groups.

Conclusions: Bone marrow median plasma cell ratio was also low in the group with low vit B12 levels. Our data could not show its clinical reflection. Further studies with larger groups are required to evaluate the response to treatment, survival and recurrence rate.

Aim

The decision to start treatment in sarcoidosis is made based on clinical and radiological findings and changes in pulmonary function test findings during follow-up, and more useful tools are needed in treatment management. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron required important tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) contains important information about the extent of sarcoidosis. On the other hand, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) opens as a good prognostic marker for tissue-related inflammation. This study evaluated the relationship between the 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of sarcoidosis and NLR and other clinical findings.

Material and methods

The data of the patient who was diagnosed with sarcoidosis after 18F-FDG PET/CT examination in our clinic were retrospectively reviewed. Patients' age, gender, NLR values, smoking status, extrathoracic involvement and symptoms, and 18F-FDG PET/CT findings were compared.

Results

This study consisted of 41 patients. There was a strong correlation between NLR and whole body total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and moderate correlation between  MAIA and NLR (r values: 0.852, 0.660, both of them p value: <0.001, respectively). There was a significant difference between the groups showing only thoracic involvement and additional extrathoracic involvement with MAIA, TLG and NLR values (p values,: 0.002, 0.001 and, 0.003, respectively). In the classification made according to the symptoms of the patients, there was no significant difference between the groups with SUVmax, MAIA, TLG and NLR values. Median values were found to be significantly higher in the elderly group (p values: 0.037 and 0.040, respectively). In the classification made according to gender; there was no significant difference in both PET/CT parameters and NLR values.

Conclusion

The close relationship between the NLR value, which is accepted as a prognostic indicator in sarcoidosis, and the 18F-FDG PET / CT findings which show the involvement of the disease in the whole body, may provide the clinician with significant benefits in treatment management.

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between magnetic resonance (MR) enterography and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients during active inflammation and remission phases. 

Patients and Methods: We included patients diagnosed with IBD between 01.12.2015-31.08.2016 at our hospital. 47 patients were included; 30 were male (63.8%) and 17 were female (36.2%). Thirty two (68.1%) of them had ulcerative colitis and 15 (31.9%) had Crohn’s disease. Standard institutional sequences for upper and lower abdomen scan included: sagittal and axial T2 TRUFI, axial and coronal fat suppressed T2 TRUFI and coronal and axial T1 VIBE following intravenous (at 60 seconds) contrast medium administration. First group of patients (n=10) had MRI investigations both at active and remission phases, whereas in the second group of patients (n=37) apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values, bowel wall thickness and contrast enhancement grades were compared between actively inflamed and non-inflamed bowel segments.

Results: A statistically significant difference was found regarding ADC values and bowel wall thickness measurements in the first group of patients when compared between active and remission phase MRI investigations (p=0.005). Bowel wall contrast enhancement degree did not differ between active and remission phases in the first group (p=0.059). In the second group, there was a statistically significant difference between active and normal bowel segments regarding ADC values, bowel wall thickness and contrast enhancement (p<0.001).

Conclusion: MR enterography and diffusion MRI may be beneficial to determine the degree of inflammation and response to treatment in IBD patients.

Introduction: Patients with neurological diseases may require intensive care support as a result of respiratory failure due to various reasons. Some of them benefit from intensive care supportive treatment while others continue to live as caregivers or need rehabilitation programs. It is important for the rational use of intensive care beds that the routing process to the palliative care, rehabilitation centers or discharge of patients with prolonged treatment in the intensive care unit should be managed well

Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the data of our patients who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of primary neurological diseases in the intensive care unit and terminated with exitus or referred to home / palliative care between January 2017 and May 2018 with the permission (17073117-050.06 decision no) of XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX scientific studies committee. Patients who transferred to other clinics were excluded from the study. APACHE II/SAPS II scores, hospitalization day, mechanical ventilation time, tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy requirement, home ventilator supply and the situation of discharge from intensive care unit of patients were recorded

Results: A total of 942 patient files were reviewed retrospectively and 74 (7.8%) of our patients were neurological patients who were died or discharged to directly home\palliative care. Most of the patients in the study had severe dementia (30 patients, 40.5%) and fewer number of patients had ischemic stroke (21 patients, 28.3%). Sixty of the 74 patients (81.1%) died in the intensive care unit. Only 5 patients were transferred to palliative care (6.8%).

Conclusion: Increasing transfer from intensive care to palliative care is important for the effective use of intensive care beds. Therefore, it is suggested that intensive care patients should be evaluated periodically to be directed to palliative care

Aim: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is associated with an aggressive course and short survival. Conventional chemotherapy (CT) is the mainstay of SCLC treatment. However, the majority of information on chemotherapy (CT), as well as information on demographic data of patients, is based on studies from several decades ago. In this study, we aimed to determine the current demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with SCLC and to determine their responses to the treatments.

Patients and methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, cohort study. Definitions of survival were overall survival (TOS) and survival after metastasis (MOS). TOS was calculated as the time from the diagnosis to the date of death or last visit. MOS was calculated as the time from the diagnosis of metastasis to the date of death or last visit.

Results: The data of 161 patients were analyzed. Response rates obtained with 1st line CT, 2nd line CT, and 3rd line CT were 72.2%, 43.3%, and 40.4%, respectively. The median TOS and median MOS were calculated as 15.7 months (0.03-106.97) and 13.79 months (0.03-79.54), respectively. Although they were metastatic, ten patients had never received first-line CT, and the median MOS was 1.88 months and 14.62 months, respectively, in those who did not receive CT and received CT. Twenty-one (18.9%) of the 111 patients who needed second-line treatment did not receive CT, and the median MOS was 8.39 months and 18.45 months, respectively, in those who did not receive CT and received CT. Eighteen of the 65 patients (27.7%) who required the third-line treatment did not receive CT, and the median MOS was found to be 15.36 months and 23.86 months, respectively, in those who did not receive CT and received CT. The presence of metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis and refusal of treatment were statistically significant parameters affecting the median TOS. And, poor performance status and refusal of treatment were statistically significant parameters parameters affecting the median MOS.

Conclusions: In this study, it was confirmed that early diagnosis of SCLC was associated with a survival advantage. It was shown that the patients who received and were able to tolerate the treatment had obtained a survival advantage, regardless of the disease phase.

Purpose : This study compares the organ doses at risk by using the Eclipse treatment planning system for two common total body irradiation techniques (TBI) at extended source skin distance.

Material and Methods: 3D treatment plans with AP-PA (anteroposterior) technique were created retrospectively for 20 patients treated bilateral TBI. For each patient, the whole body, kidneys, lungs, thyroid and liver were contoured to create (DVH) dose volume histograms and examine 3D dose volume distributions. The mean doses of thyroid, lung, kidney, liver, whole body and treatment volumes and the maximum doses of 2% volumes (D2) were calculated from the dose volume histogram and transferred to the SPSS file. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to compare the dose values for two techniques.

Results: Thyroid gland mean doses were significantly lower in lateral technique (11.98 and 12.64 Gy, p = 0.21). It was observed no statistically dose difference between the two techniques in terms of lung doses. Since, the lungs were protected by lead blocks in both of two techniques. The mean doses of liver and kidney were lower in the lateral TBI technique (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004, respectively). D₂ doses of liver were lower in AP-PA planning technique (p = 0.032). In comparison of the hot points between the two techniques, the lateral position was significantly superior (p <0.0001).

Conclusions: In present study, it was observed that the bilateral position was superior to the AP-PA position in order to prevent the hot spots. In the AP-PA position, it is more difficult to tolerate the body irregularities. Additionally, when comparing the dose distributions of the organs (liver, kidney, thyroid), it was seen that the results were statistically better in the lateral position. The lateral position provides an advantage in terms of more homogenous dose distribution and better quality planning.

\r\nAim: Diabetes is a serious health problem which has increased rapidly in recent years and causes numerous complications. Vitamin D levels may be a contributing factor to the glycemic control. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D levels and glycemic control in diabetic patients.

\r\n  

\r\nMethods: 330 patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2, who were admitted to our outpatient clinic between September 2015 and June 2016, were included in the study. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the vitamin D levels; ≤20 ng / mL, between 20-30 ng / mL and ≥30 ng / mL. These groups were compared in terms of patients' socio-demographic characteristics, blood parameters, diabetes-related characteristics, and diabetes treatment. Patients were categorized into two groups according to the HbA1c levels;  ≤7% and  ≥7%. The same parameters and vitamin D values were compared between two groups. All data were recorded into the SPSS version 21. Participants' demographic datas, percentage and frequency values, were tabulated. A p value  of <0.05 was the limit for statistical significance. 

\r\n 

\r\nResults: A total of 330 patients (51.2% females, mean age 53,79±10,2 years) with diabetes were interviewed. When evaluated in terms of body mass index, 13.9% (n = 46) were classified as normal, 34.5% (n = 114) were overweight and 51.5% (n = 170) were obese. When patients were divided into groups according to vitamin D levels, 286 (86.7%) patients with a vitamin D level below 20 ng / mL and 44 patients (13.3%) with a level above 20 ng / mL were detected. When patients were compared according to vitamin D levels, there was a negative correlation (-r = 0.357, p <0.001, -r = 0.344, p <0.001, respectively) between vitamin D levels and patients' fasting blood glucose level (FBG) and postprandial glucose level (PBG). There was a negative correlation (-r = 0.433, p <0.001) between vitamin D levels and HbA1c levels. Negative correlation (-r = 0.131, p <0.05) was found between vitamin D and triglyceride levels.

\r\n  

\r\nConclusion: Vitamin D levels were significantly lower in patients with HbA1c> 7% (n = 191) when compared to those with HbA1c <7 (n = 95) (p <0.001). Vitamin D levels may be important in glycemic control of diabetic patients.

Aim: Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb plant belongs to the Apiaceae family. It is traditionally used for the treatment of hemorrhoids, female infertility, and purification of blood. We aimed to examine the histological changes in the murine ovarian tissue following the administration of a methanolic extract of the aerial parts of the Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb plant.

Materials and methods: Twelve adult female Swiss-Albino mice were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Control group received no administration. In the Opopanax hispidus group the methanolic extract (200 mg/kg/day) was administered via oral gavage for 5 days. At the end of the experiment right ovarian tissue of each subject was excised. Routine histological processing of tissue samples fixed in 10% formalin were then sectioned at a thickness of 5 µm. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined with a light microscope. The modified method of Cavalieri principle was used in the stereological measurement. The total tissue volume ratio was measured with a point counting grid provided by the Shtereom version 1.5 software package. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups.The significance level was set at 5%. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (ver: 20) software package.

Results: A significant difference was observed with respect to the number of antral follicles (p<0.05). A comparison of ovarian volumes between the groups revealed a significant decrease in the Opopanax hispidus group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: We demonstrated that Opopanax hispidus exerted positive effects on the ovarian tissue and increased the number of antral follicles, probably due to its antioxidant effect.

 The most seen pathophysiological mechanism of acute coronary syndrome is intracoronary thrombus after plaque rupture. ST elevation myocardial infarction is caused by occlusion of coronary arteries. The treatment is based on fibrinolytic treatment or coronary intervention. If there is massive thrombus burden in coronary artery we can use manuel thrombus aspiration. In our case, we treated patient, who referred to hospital with ST elevation myocardial infarction, by manual thrombus aspiration without using stent.  

\r\n Gastric cancer is among the common cancers and chemotherapy is among the treatment plan. Chemotherapy affects many systems, it is important for the individual and her environment to adapt to this process. In order to improve this adaptation, the nursing care process given to the patient with gastric cancer who was receiving the first chemotherapy treatment according to the Roy Adaptation Model was described. According to the data obtained by the permission of the patient,  impaired physical mobility, anxiety, deficient knowledge about chemotherapy treatment process, defensive coping, readiness for enhanced family coping, nursing diagnoses were made and appropriate nursing interventions were applied. The model is thought to be available to patients receiving chemotherapy treatment.

Tension free transvajinal tape operation has become popular in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence because of its short hospitalisation time and ease of application. Although tension free transvajinal tape is a successful and safe procedure in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, several intraoperative and postoperative complications might be seen. In our study, we described a case of bladder stone that developed secondary to mesh erosion after tension free transvajinal tape operation for stress incontinence and reconstructive surgery (anterior colporrhaphy) for pelvic organ prolapse performed 7 years previously and who was successfully treated.

Bronchogenic cysts (BC) are rare congenital malformations arising during the development of the ventral foregut. Bronchogenic cysts form as a result of abnormal budding of the bronchial tree during embryogenesis (between 4th-6th weeks). Most bronchogenic cysts originate in the mediastinum, while 15% to 20% occur in the lung parenchyma. According to the literature, most intrapulmonary cysts occur in the lower lobes. But bronchogenic cysts are commonly found in the middle and superior mediastinum. The bronchogenic cyst in our patient was subcarinal. It was striking in terms of its giant size and laying on two hemithoraxes.The bronchogenic cysts are usually asymptomatic and often diagnosed incidentally during routine chest roentgenogram for other reasons.They may not be detected until adulthood. Our patient was 56 years old. She had no obvious symptoms . The patient was referred to our clinic because of cough,and her bronchogenic cyst was determined. Basic treatment of bronchogenic cyst consists of surgical excision. However, in cases where resection cannot be performed, the epithelium should be peeled as in our case.

\r\n 1p36 Deletion Syndrome is a rare disease characterized by a partial deletion in the short arm of chromosome 1. The first reports of cases with microdeletion of chromosome 1p36 were published in 1980s, beginning with a report by Hain et al. The first pure case of 1p36 Deletion Syndrome was identified in the 1987 by Magenis et al. Its incidence is presumed as 1:5000 to 1:10000 and prevalence among men/women is 1/2. Characteristic signs are dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, feeding difficulties, central nervous system anomalies, seizures, microcephaly, intellectual disability, vision problems, sensorineural deafness, congenital heart defects, skeletal and renal anomalies. Congenital Cytomegalovirus infection is an intrauterine disease with persistent effects on the fetus with no specific treatment. Common clinical findings are petechiae, jaundice at birth, hepatosplenomegaly, microcephaly, hypotonia, poor suck, sensorineural hearing loss, vision abnormalities, seizures, developmental cerebral anomalies, intrauterine development delay, prematurity and stillbirth. This case has been reported due to being a unique case having both such a rare disease like 1p36 Deletion Syndrome and a corresponding clinical picture to congenital Cytomegalovirus infection which she has firstly been determined with a positive CMV-DNA level when she was 7 months old.

Erector spinae plane block (ESPB), one of the popular regional anesthesia techniques in recent years, has first been used for upper thoracic neuropathic pain. Later, it has been used in many different indications for both acute and chronic pain treatment at different lower thoracic and lumbar levels. Our limited experience demonstrates that bilevel bilateral sacral ESPB is an easy and effective method in the treatment of perianal chronic intermittent pain. However, many issues, such as the application site, the volume of local anesthetics and the sensory blockade, still remain being investigated. Due to the lack of clinical research, our review is currently unable to support the evidence and routine use of sacral ESPB. We consider that anatomical radiological and  clinical studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy and mechanism of action of sacral ESPB

\r\n Locally advanced rectal cancer is one of the best example that optimal outcomes are achieved with a multidisciplinary approach. The mainstay of curative treatment remains radical surgery; however, combine with radiotherapy is the optimal treatment to control local recurrence and to improve survival. To date, preoperative radiotherapy is shown to be superior than postoperatif radiotherapy. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the application methods, advantages and disadvantages of preoperative radiotherapy.

ABSTRACT

Aim: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVN) is the necrosis of the bone and the bone marrow resulting from the injury or the occlusion of the blood supplying vessels of the femoral head. Specially it is seen in mostly young and middle aged individuals and requiring mostly surgical procedures. Despite all advances in the surgical procedures, still a high rate of the hip prosthesis is a requirement in the treatment. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) alone or in combination with surgery is reported to be effective in some clinical AVN cases. HBOT is also a treatment method which is used in ischemic diseases resulting from vascular injuries or occlusions. Enoxaparin is an antagonist of factor Xa which is found in the coagulation system. Beside its anticoagulant effect it has been shown that it has an osteopenic effect, inhibits osteoblast maturation and increases osteoclast activity in the bone.

Material and Methods: In this study effects of enoxaparin and HBOT were investigated in the treatment of experimentally formed AVN of the femoral heads of the rats. For this purpose, avascular necrosis model was applied to the left femoral heads of 64 rats and the results of the treatments alone and together were investigated.

Results: In this study results have shown that an increase in the new bone formation, and remodelisation with less changes in the cartilage tissue than in the controls. An increase in the necrotic tissue clearing rate observed in the HBOT applied groups. The best results were achieved with the HBOT and enoxaparin combined applications.

Conclusion: In this study HBOT alone, enoxaparin alone or combination of these two treatments have a positive effect in the experimental femoral head AVN and supporting the clinical studies in the femoral head AVN.

Keywords: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, avascular necrosis, enoxaparin

Abstract

Aim: Respiratory infections caused by PIV are related to major morbidity and hospitalization rates in infants and young children. The aim of the present retrospective study is to investigate the rate and seasonal distribution of PIV infections in pediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infections.

Patients and Methods: Nasopharyngeal swab specimens of pediatric in- and outpatients with the diagnosis of lower respiratory infection were collected from various pediatric clinics between January 2014 and December 2016. PIV types 1, 2, 3 and 4 were identified by multiplex real time PCR method.

Results: One of the four PIV types was identified in 224 of 1983 nasopharyngeal swab specimens of patients aged less than 18 years (11.3%). PIV-3 was the most common agent among the subtypes (75%) followed by PIV- 4 (15.2%). The rate of PIV-1 and PIV-2 were 5.8% and 4%, respectively. Of all pediatric patients, 75.9% were under 5 years of age. When the seasonal distribution was examined, it was determined that PIV-3 was frequently observed in summer (53.6%), whereas PIV-1 and PIV-2 were observed in autumn and winter months.

Conclusion: PIV-3 was the most common subtype. Prompt identification of PIV by multiplex real time PCR method would be very helpful for clinicians in the treatment and prevention of the respiratory infections caused by viral pathogens.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral mononeuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist inside the carpal tunnel.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between EMG data and surgical success in patients with CTS who showed a decrease in conduction velocity and prolonged latency in EMG. Thus, it was aimed to link the surgical indications to objective criteria.

Patients and Methods: The patients who were diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome and  underwent surgery between 2013-2018 were evaluated prospectively. In the postoperative  12th month, changes in the median nerve velocity were observed by the EMG controls. Post-operative drowsiness was accepted as a surgical failure.

Results: 266 patients (62 males, 204 females) were included in the study. Complaints of 23 patients were continuing. The median motor latency average of the patients who complained was 6,63 msec (min 3,04 - max 11,04), and the message speed was 42,91 m / s (min 36,88 - max 51,8). Median nerve sensory potential was not found in 16 patients,  sensory and motor potential was not achieved in 2 patients. Median nerve sensory conduction could not be obtained in 70 of the patients without any complaint, but motor potential was obtained in all of patients. When median motor nerve latency was higher than 4.63 ms, it was found that the patient complaint of drowsiness continued after surgical treatment of CTS.

Conclusion: When the motor nerve Latans is above 4.63, the chance of success in the surgical treatment of CTS decreases. Performing CTS surgical treatment before these limits may prevent the occurrence of irreversible changes.

\r\n Purpose: Mesh erosions that necessitates excision can develop in Trans Obturator Tape (TOT) surgeries which are widely used in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence.

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\r\n In our study, we described a method of vaginal flap placed under suburethral sling to prevent urethral mesh erosion related with TOT surgery and evaluated the patients for postoperative complications.

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\r\n Materials and methods: In our study, 22 patients who had TOT and cystocele operations simultaneously and to whom flaps composed of vaginal tissue were placed in front of the urethra under the mesh between December 2014 and May 2018 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were evaluated for urethral mesh erosion, vaginal mesh erosion, complaints of urgency and dyspareunia, urinary retention, and need for secondary surgery.

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\r\n Results: The mean postoperative follow-up of the patients were 8,95±8,45 months. 20 patients had simultaneous TOT and cystocele operations (%90,9), 2 patient had vaginal hysterectomy, TOT and cystocele operations simultaneously (%9,1). Urethral mesh erosion developed in none of the patients during the follow-up period. Vaginal mesh erosion and dyspareunia was observed in only one menopausal patient. Urinary retention and overflow incontinence developed in another patient. Vaginal hysterectomy, TOT and cystocele operations were made simultaneously in this patient. Mesh of this patient was cut later on.

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\r\n Coclusion: The surgical technique we used in our cases kept urgency and vaginal mesh erosion in a minimal level besides totally preventing urethral mesh erosion in a mean short-term follow-up period of 9 months.

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ABSTRACT

Aim: Sternal dehiscence is one of the most troublesome complications following cardiac surgery. Although it can be corrected by simple methods if detected earlier, treatment failure or delay in sternal dehiscence may result in mediastinitis, which is highly lethal.  In this study, we aimed to investigate alternative sternal closure systems, mainly sternal talon (STalon) and titanium sternal plates (SPlate). Patients and Methods: In between April 2015 and January 2018, patients with sternal dehiscence after any kind of open cardiac surgery were included in this study. These patients were retrospectively evaluated according to the their demographic data, risk factors for sternal dehiscence, type of operations, techniques used for fixation of the sternum, mainly focusing on the STalon and titanium SPlate fixation. Results: A total of 45 patients were taken into surgical correction because of sternal dehiscence.  Thirty-four (75.6%) of the patients male, whereas 11 (24.4%) were female. Mean time interval after the first operation to sternal dehiscence was 68.5 days (1-780 days). Mean body-mass-index (BMI) was 31.52 kg/m² (22.03-43.69 kg/m²). Before the sternal fixation, mean CRP value was 68.34, whereas it was 75.55 before discharge. Confounding risk factors were internal mammarian artery (IMA) harvesting for coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, chronic pulmonary artery disease and advanced age. Mean post-operative intensive care unit (ICU) length-of-stay (LOS) was 5.02 days (1-29 days), whereas hospital LOS was 17.18 days (2-74 days). Early mortality was observed in 3 patients (6.67%). The first choice of operation was simple closure and/or Robicsek closure. Apart from simple and Robicsek closure techniques, sternal talon and/or titanium plates were used in 24 patients (53.3%). DM was found to be related to extanded total hospital LOS, ICU LOS, and postoperative time to discharge. DM also increased the risk of both superficial and deep sternal infection rates (p<0.05).  Conclusion: Ideal sternal closure should stabilize the sternum, be cost-effective and provide shortest hospital LOS with minimal post-operative complications. In patients with intact intercostal spaces, sternal talon may eliminate serious complications, such as cardiac rupture mainly caused by dense adhesions. Sternal plates are mainly effective in fragmented fractures without stable intercostal spaces. All patients should be individualized according to type of lesions and sternal fractures.

ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of kinesiological banding on symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome associated with pregnancy.

Materials and Methods: Patients who were admitted to the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Clinic due to carpal tunnel syndrome and who were diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome by electromyography and who were able to reach the visuel analog score, Short Form-36, Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index values were included in the study.

Results: In both groups, there was a significantly difference between the first visuel analog score day-night and the last visuel analog score day-night and first and last Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (p<0,05). While there was a significantly improvement in the Boston Symptom Severity Scale, there was no significantly difference in Boston Functional Capacity Scale. In the comparison between the groups, visuel analog score day, Short Form-36 pain parameter and decrease in Boston Symptom Severity Scale were found statistically significant.

Conclusions: In our study, although the superiority of kinesiological banding on hand-wrist rest splint could not be clearly shown, decreased pain and symptoms and an increase in sleep quality were observed.The kinesiological banding should be in mind in patients who have no response to resting splint because of low treatment options during pregnancy.

Objective: Mucormycosis is an infrequent opportunistic fungal infection which may cause an aggressive and invasive soft tissue necrosis. It is usually developed in patients with immune system deficiency, and rarely seen in immunocompetant patients.  We report prognosis and treatment of the immunocompetant patients that developed facial cutaneous mucormycosis after short term corticosteroid therapy.

Material and Method: The patients who were admitted to Manisa Celal Bayar University Hospital after multitrauma and given short term corticosteroids due to cranial and spinal injuries and became immuncompromised and diagnosed as facial cutaneous mucormycosis between 2016 and 2018 were included in the study. Prognosis, medical and surgical treatment outcomes of therapy is reported.

Results: One patient with malar and maxillary involvement was treated with medical therapy and serial debridements and infection was cured. Reconstruction with free flaps were done, acceptable functional and aesthetic results were achieved. Two patients had adequate therapy and reconstructed with local flaps.   One patient was not operated due to recurrent fungal osteomyelitis and intracranial inflammatory findings, and regression in MRI was seen.

Conclusion: Mucormycosis should be kept in mind in contaminated wound infections in patients who have been treated with corticosteroids even for a short time after multitrauma. Rapid, repetitive and aggressive debridemants should be performed and reconstruction should be planned after cure of the fungi.

Backround: Myocardial infarction with coronary artery disease (MICAD) is the leading cause of myocardial injury. Myocardial injury non-related to atherosclerotic plaque disruption (non-MICAD) is a rare and heterogeneous diagnosis. Although MICAD is well studied, non-MICAD was not thoroughly identified in young patient population. We aimed to investigate the frequency, main etiologies, and five-year mortality of patients with non-MICAD younger than 40 years.

Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 292 patients with acute myocardial injury younger than 40 years between January 2010 and December 2014. Clinical, demographic, laboratory, angiographic features, and five-year all-cause mortality were compared between patients with non-MICAD (n=78) and MICAD (n=214).

Results: Median age of patients was 36. Non-MICAD group was younger than MICAD group [32 (28-37) vs 37 (34-39)]. The frequency of female patients with non-MICAD was higher than those with MICAD (24.4% vs 10.3%). Most of the patients with MICAD presented with STEMI (77.1%), while most of the patients with non-MICAD presented with non-STEMI (89.7%). Most common etiologies of non-MICAD in were myocarditis (32%) and vasospasm (9%). Age, female sex, no smoking and, absence of dyslipidemia were independent predictors for non-MICAD. Five-year all-cause mortality in non-MICAD group was significantly lower than MICAD group (2.6% vs 10.3%) (log-rank test p=0.04).

Conclusion: Non-MICAD represents a heterogeneous group of patients who had varying etiologies at different ages. Despite the lower mortality rate of non-MICAD group, different diagnostic and treatment strategies are required for management of patients with non-MICAD.

Abstract

Aim: Since clinical and prognostic heterogeneity is observed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (‎DLBCL) patients, it is vital to determine its prognostic and predictive factors. The frequency of these factors varies geographically and ethnically. We aimed to reevaluate and discuss the prognostic and predictive ‎factors of DLBCL patients who have been treated with R-CHOP in our ‎center based on the WHO 2017 revised 4^th edition.‎ We also investigated the incidence of EBV in DLBCL-NOS.

Patients and Methods: Patients with DLBCL-NOS diagnosed previously in our hospital between 2007-2017 and treated with ‎R-CHOP were included in the study. We evaluated the expressions of CD10, CD5, CD30, BCL-2, BCL-6, MUM-1, MYC, LMP-1, EBNA-2, Ki-67, and p53, by immunohistochemistry, and EBV encoded RNA by in situ hybridization in 104 cases of DLBCL-NOS. The Revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) score and the overall survival time ‎was ‎calculated.

Results: The study included 56 men (53.8%) and 48 women (46.2%). The median age was 64.5 years. In 59.6% of the patients, the disease had a nodal beginning, whereas in 40.4% of the patients it had an ‎extranodal presentation. High ‎stage (III-IV) was present in 26.5% of the GCB subtype and 43.6% of non-GCB subtype (p=0.049). A high ‎R-IPI score was observed in 40% of GCB subtype and 54.5% of non-GCB subtype (p=0.028). Survival was significantly lower in the non-GCB subtype (log-rank test p=0.003).‎ The EBV frequency was about 3% as it is reported in Western populations. The frequency of DEL status was 8.7%, indicating that it was associated with inferior survival (p=0.045). De novo CD5⁺ DLBCL ratio as 13% and it was also associated with inferior survival (p=0.013).  We also found CD30⁺ DLBCL ratio as 11.5%, but we could not establish a significant relationship with prognosis.

Conclusion: DLBCL-NOS requires detailed subtyping and elaboration of prognostic factors. ‎The frequency of DEL status and De novo CD5⁺ DLBCL indicated that it was associated with inferior survival. However, we could not establish ‎a meaningful relationship of CD30⁺ DLBCL with prognosis.‎ Three EBV positive cases were identified and two of them were classified as ‘EBV positive large B cell lymphoma’ according to the WHO 2017 revised 4^th edition.

Keywords: Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma; Prognostic Factors; Survival

 Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) which is the first cause of maternal mortality in our country is responsible for about 25% of maternal deaths in the world . While PPH is defined as loss of 500 ml or more of blood from the genital tract within 24 hours of thebirth of a baby, severe PPH is blood loss exceeding 1,000 mL. The most common causes are uterine atony, genital tract injuries and placental retention. Many methods are used such as effective implementation of the uterine fundus massage, the use of agents which myometrium contact, hypogastric and/or uterine artery ligation or embolization in its treatment. Despite this, PPH is the primer cause of maternal death in our country. To reduce maternal mortality rates caused by dependence of PPH,  evidence-based approaches are important in treatment and care. Pharmacological, surgical approaches and various applications for the third stage of labour in the prevention and treatment of PPH are used. But there are no evidence-based studies at adequate levels for all treatment. The clinical data in a large part of the PPH/therapeutic approach are limited. Therefore, it is intended in this article to determine the current approaches related to the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage and to inform health professionals about the adequacy of the initiatives implemented.

\r\n Atrial septal defect (ASD) is also responsible for 30-33% of adult defects. . Transcatheter treatment is the first-line treatment for secuncum ASD treatment. A 36-year-old ASD patient that had a successful transcatheter closure. The occluder  embolization became, within the first 24 hours after procedure, to the aortic arcus. It is known that the devices with embolism are taken by snare and biopsy catheter, but differently, a case involving surgical removal after retraction of femoral artery by another ASD occluder device. Hybrid approach should always be mindful when removing embolized device with high success rate using different methods.

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Abstract

Animal bites to the face can cause serious defects. In select cases when the avulsed part has been carefully preserved and brought-in with the patient, replantation may be the best solution.

In other cases, few strategies are present. The classical “watchful waiting” strategy to treat such patients could be described as letting the wound to heal and only then, initiate reconstruction. Wound scarring and patient’s psychological disturbance due to prolonged rehabilitation are its biggest disadvantages. However, a proactive method with reconstruction initiated early during the convalescent phase, can result in faster rehabilitation.

Herein, we present detailed description of a successful early reconstruction of the perioral area in a teenage girl following a dog bite; the reconstruction encompassing the anatomical, functional and aesthetic spectrum. Thus, we believe, proactive strategy has a huge potential in the modern era of reconstructive head and neck surgery.

The disease was first described by Scheuermann as the dorsal kyphosis of juveniles in 1920. Scheuermann's disease is the most common cause of thoracic hyperkyphosis in adolescence. There are two sub-types: thoracic and thoracolumbar / lumbar. Histologically, when the irregularities in the vertebral end plates are examined, collagen fibrils are seen to decrease or vanish. As a result, end-plate continuity deteriorates and Schmorl nodules appear when the disc material protrudes into the corpus. Deformations cause wedging in the vertebral corpus, resulting in narrow angled kyphotic deformity. In the large series, the prevalence is up to 8%, and the genetic transition and mechanical stress come into prominence in the epidemiology of the disease. Pain can be accompanied by deformity in symptomatic state. Classical radiological features include irregular vertebral endplates and kyphosis more than 45 degrees with 5 degrees of wedging in 3 or more vertebrae. In some cases, minimal scoliosis may accompany to kyphosis. Periodic radiologic follow-up is recommended for patients below 50 degrees of kyphosis. Bracing is appropriate in uncompleted skeletal maturation with kyphosis up to 75 degrees. In cases above 75 degrees, it is appropriate to perform surgical treatment when bracing is unsuccessful in adolescence and presence of exceeding pain despite the conventional methods and obvious deformity in adults. 

Chronic mesenteric ischemia is a rare disease caused by intestinal perfusion disorder. Increased abdominal pain after meals, loss of appetite, weight loss, such as the symptoms of the course. The patient was presented with intestinal ischemia, arterial dorsalis pedis obstruction, celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery involvement. The coexistence of all these lesions in a 35-year-old female patient was interesting because of its rarity. In this study, we wanted to share the surgical treatment of a young patient who was not suitable for endovascular treatment and underwent saphenous vein and aorta-hepatic bypass due to multiple lesions.

Endometriosis is theplacement of theendometrialtissue in anotherpart of the body. Most commonly involved in peritoneum, ovaries, douglas and rectovaginal septum. It can be placed in many parts of the body. Our case was evaluated at 26 years of age after failed perianal abscess and fistula surgery. The patient has pain, swelling and discharge in the perianal region. The stiffness in the perianal region was seen during surgery. The stiffness was totally excised. Histopathological examination revealed endometriosis. It should be kept in mind that endometriosis may occur in different regions from the usual localization.

Objective: Conjunctiva is a region where various neoplastic or non-neoplastic lesions may develop.  In this study, we aimed to perform a histopathological analysis of conjunctival lesions and to determine their prevalence.

Material & Methods: Conjunctival biopsies of 401 patients who presented to the pathology laboratory between 2009 and 2019 were retrospectively examined. The cases were histopathologically divided into two groups as non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Neoplastic lesions were further divided into subgroups as benign, premalignant, and malignant lesions. The prevalence of lesions and distribution of age and gender among the groups were analyzed.

Results: In our series of 401 patients, the mean age was 49.89±21.75 years. Of all patients, 209 (52.1%) were male and 192 (47.9%) were female. Non-neoplastic lesions were found in 296 (73.8%) and neoplastic lesions in 105 (26.2%) patients. The mean age was found as 50.79±19.34 years in patients with non-neoplastic lesions, and 47.34±27.39 years in patients with neoplastic lesions. Of neoplastic lesions, 64 (60.2%) were benign, 17 (16.2%) premalignant, and 24 (22.6%) malignant. The most commonly found non-neoplastic lesion was pterygium (n:220; 54.78%) while the most common benign lesions were nevus and other pigmented lesions (n:38; 9.5%), and the most common malignant lesion was squamous cell carcinoma (n:14; 3.5%). The prevalence of neoplastic lesions significantly increased over 45 years old (p<0.05).

Conclusion: In the current study, conjunctival lesions diagnosed in our laboratory over 10 years were reviewed and histopathologically analyzed. Recognition of conjunctival lesions and being aware of the rates of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions are crucial for treatment planning and protection of visual functions.