Makale Arama

Purpose: to evaluate the ocular and periorbital anthropometric measurments in young adults and adults. Methods: Our study were enrolled two different age groups, first group (young adults) was consisted of 200 medical students aged between 18 to 21(19.73±1.6) years, and second group (adults) consisted of 150 patients aged between 42 to 65 (52.48±9.2) years who were examined in department of opthalmology. Cases with history of trauma and congenital anomaly were excluded from the study. In all cases the intercanthal distance (ICD), the outercanthal distance (OCD), the interpupillary distance (IPD), the palpebral fissure height (PFH) and the palpebral fissure distance (PFD) were measured. Measurments were performed by the same examiner using a single electronic compass instrument. In both groups the measurments between males and females as well as the measurments of the same gender between the both groups were compared. Results: In the evaluation of the measurments, in ICD, OCD and IPD there was statistically significant differencess between the genders (ie male/female) in same group (p<0.05), while there was no statistically significant differencess between the gender in the same group, while there was statistically significant differencess in between the two groups (p<0.05), and in PFH there was statistically significant differencess between the genders in the first group (p<0.05), however there was no such defferencess in the second group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our results on one hand and the contrary results of other studies on the other hand, arise the need for further studies including different ages and ethnics groups to set standarts for ocular and periorbital anthropometric measurments. These measurments in healthy subjects may be useful guide for early identification of some dysmorphological abnormalities and of planning surgical intervention.

Meckel’s diverticulum is a rare cause of mechanical intestinal obstruction in adults. Due to non-specific symptoms and preoperative diagnosis of this rare condition, surgeons should keep in mind. A 28-year-old male patient was admitted to our emergency department with abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting for about 8 hours before onset. The patient was diagnosed as acute small bowel obstruction and underwent emergency surgery. At operation a torsioned ileum due to Meckel’s diverticulum 60 cm proximal to ileocecal valve and small bowel distention proximal to this site was seen. Ileum was detorsioned and Meckel’s diverticulum resection was performed. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3. Histopathologic specimen were reported as Meckel’s diverticulum in 3x2x1cm size.

This study aimed to research dietary quality in adults and to compare using different parameters (body mass index, education statues, gender and age). The cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected 421 adults (275 females, 146 males) living in Ankara. Dietary intakes of individuals aging between 20 and 50 years (mean±SD, 32.7±9.096 years) were collected by using 24-hour recall method. Mean adequacy ratio scores calculated by using nutrient adequacy ratio were used for dietary quality assessment. According to mean adequacy ratio scores, 56% of individuals’ dietary nutrient content found to be inadequate. In the study, there was no significant difference in mean adequacy ratio scores according to education, age, body weight; whereas, male mean adequacy ratio scores were higher than female. There is a need for improving diets according to mean adequacy ratio scores assessment in Turkey. Dietary quality can be affected by different variables such as gender, body mass index, age and education statues. Improving dietary quality should be aimed using plan and policies, developed taking into consideration these variables by governments.

Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of intravenous glucose administration in the lateral hypothalamic
area (LHA) on the levels of noradrenaline, dopamine and their metabolites dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG)-
dihydroxyphenylaceticacid (DOPAC) by brain microdialysis method.
Patients and Methods: Adult male Wistar albino rats in 2 normally fed groups and 2 groups of restricted
food intake for 24 hours (saline and glucose administered) were used. Microdialysis procedures were
performed on the rats in LHA under anesthesia and samples were collected in 20 minutes. After the first
samples were recorded as control, 0.9% saline was administered to the control groups and 50% glucose
solution was administered intravenously to the glucose groups at a dose of 1.4 ml/kg. During the next 40
minutes, samples were collected and analyzed on the HPLC-ECD system. One-way ANOVA was used for
statistical evaluation.
Results: Noradrenaline concentration was higher in fasted rats than in satiated animals at baseline.
Noradrenaline levels at the 20th minute were significantly decreased in both fasted-satiated groups
compared to control group (p=0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the 40th minute
noradrenaline values and dopamine-DHPG-DOP AC levels compared to control.
Conclusion: Systemic glucose administration decreased LHA noradrenaline concentration in fasted and
satiated rats. It can be mentioned that noradrenergic neurotransmission in LHA can be modulated by
plasma glucose.

Serum selenium levels were investigated in both 65 cases who are living where white muscle disease of lambs were often observed and 33 cases where the disease seen rarely. The selenium level was 60.425±11.727 in first group and 70.849±12.868 pıgli, in the second and statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.01). Particulary in the first group the selenium level was lower (han the values which reported as normal (78-320 !mit) selenium levels. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that low selenium levels can be an etiological cause for cardiovascular disease. Therefor it may be suggested that determination of coronary risk factors, incidance of coronary heart disease and fulfilling of prospective studies relatid with the subject would be usefil.

Aim: Glioblastoma is the most frequent, and fatal brain cancer in adults. Toll-like receptors are cell surface receptors comprised of 10 receptors (Toll-like receptor 1−10) related to triggering innate immunity by recognizing pathogens. However, some studies suggested that the expression of Toll-like receptors might be related to cancer cell proliferation and progression in some tumors including glioblastoma with some contradictory results. Thus, we aimed to investigate all ten members of the Toll-like receptor expression profile in glioblastoma for the first time in the literature to contribute additional data to the literature.

Patients and Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 25 glioblastoma patients, diagnosed between January and December 2018, to evaluate the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors. Also, the expression of each Toll-like receptor was investigated by cell culture analysis using five different cell lines of human glioblastoma (T98G, U87-MG, U373, LN18, and A172). The results were compared statistically.

Results: Toll-like receptor 1, Toll-like receptor 6, and Toll-like receptor 7 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of the glioblastoma group (p<0.001, each) whereas the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 and Toll-like receptor 10 was downregulated compared to the control group (p=0.023, p<0.001, respectively), by qPCR analysis.  Additionally, Toll-like receptor mRNA expression profiles differed among the cell lines.

Conclusion: In our study, many Toll-like receptor members seemed to display different expression level in the glioblastoma microenvironment and affect it diversely.  Further comprehensive studies are required to confirm the endogenous protein level of each Toll-like receptor in glioblastoma, to clarify their precise role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of glioblastoma, and to shed light on new target therapies.

Theree cases with colorectal invagination were pre-sented. Both of them were incarcerated and one strangulated. Different surgical intervention cases applied ta each other. There was no complaint in both cases before intussuception except one and there was a villöz adenoma in the apex of invaginated mass in one case.

Theree cases with colorectal invagination were pre-sented. Both of them were incarcerated and one strangulated. Different surgical intervention cases applied ta each other. There was no complaint in both cases before intussuception except one and there was a villöz adenoma in the apex of invaginated mass in one case.

Experimental studies showed that recurrent exposure to sevoflurane can be toxic. İt may be either related with direct effects of this anaesthetic agent or with the degradation of sevoflurane by soda lime which is also known to produce toxic products. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated sevoflurane anaesthesia on kidney and liver in rats vvith or vvithout soda lime. After local ethical comitte aproval thirty adult VVistar rats vvere divided into three groups. The rats were placed in a specially prepared transparant plastic box. Group C was the control group. Theyreceived 100% O2 . İn the anaesthesia circle vvithout soda-lime sevoflurane in 2.5 -2 .7 % concentration vvith O2 (100 %) were administered directly in group S, vvhile the same gas mixture was applied through the soda lime in group SS. Bepeated anesthesia (five times) was applied to the rats for sixty nainutes vvith two days intervals. Blodd ürea nitrogene, creatinin, SGOT, SGPT and ALP levels were assessed from the blood sample. Follovving sacrifice, kidneys and livers vvere obtained from the rats for examination using light microscopy for histopathological evaluation and mean damage scores (MDS) of the specimens vvere calculated. SGPT values were higherin group S and SS vvhen compared vvith group C (p<0.05). There vvere only minimal changes in histopathological evaluation of liver vvhich was not statistically significant. The changes in BUN and creatinin levels vvere not significant among the groups. The MDS’s in renal tissues vvere significantly higher in group S and SS vvhen compared vvith group C, vvhile there vvere no dif- ferences betvveen group S and SS. İt vvas concluded that repeated exposure to sevoflurane has minimal effects in liver accord- ing to mean damage score and in the presence of soda lime, sevoflurane anaesthesia vvith 100 % oxygene did not signifi­ cantly increased histopathological damage to liver. The toxic effects of sevoflurane on renal tissue vvere greater in rats espe- cially vvhen sevoflurane vvas administered through the sodalime

Objective: Most of the renal neoplasms are the epithelial and malign ones. The renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is the most frequently seen malign renal tumor, consists of 2-4% of all the malign tumors seen among adult individuals and 80-90% of all the malign renal tumors. RCCs peak at sixties and seventies and its prevalence among males is two folds of its prevalence among females. RCCs have bad prognosis. The recurrence is seen in 40% of the cases, and the metastasis despite the early diagnosis was detected in 50% of cases. In present study, it was aimed to distribution of renal tumors in our hospital, discuss the prognostic factors such as the, pathological stage, nuclear grade and tumor diameter accompanied by literature information.

Patients and Method: By retrospectively scanning the records of Pathology Department of Medical Faculty, Fırat University, for the period between 1988 and 2009, 140 renal tumor cases were determined and the previous diagnoses, histological degrees, pathological stages of these cases were evaluated and the final diagnoses were taken as base in the present study. In pathologically staging (pT) of RCCs, TNM classification was used, whereas Fuhrman nuclear grading (FNG) was used in nuclear grading procedure. The patients were divided into different groups based on their genders and ages. The statistical analyses were performed in SPSS-12.0 software by using Chi-Square and Correlation tests.

Results: When compared to the literature in terms of the mean age, the present study involves relatively young population (mean age 57), and the majority was male (male/ female:1.1). The distributions of renal tumours, malign and benign subtypes, and RCC subtypes show similarities with the general literature. When examining the RCCs statistically, no significant relationship was found between diagnosis and age, and between nuclear grade and tumor diameter (p>0.05). In the present study, the RCCs with largest diameter were papillary type (9,78cm) ones, whereas the RCCs with lowest diameter values were classic type. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the benign, borderline and malign tumor diagnoses and diameters (p= 0.023). It was determined that approximately one-four of RCC cases were in highly pathological stage (21,6%, pT3a-3b). A direct proportional and statistically significant relationship was found between nuclear grade and diameter (p=0,002).

Conclusion: RCCs have poor prognosis and their frequency is increasing. Pathological stage, nuclear grade and diameter are the leading factors affecting the prognosis. As in our study, in retrospective studies involving old ages and not enough sampling, tumor diameter may be used as an alternative prognostic factor for pathological staging in tumors with a stage above pT2.

Aim: The prolonged process of new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and related restrictions cause
physical inactivity, fear of COVID-19, and fatigue in individuals. During the pandemic, kinesiophobia may
raise fear of death and physical inactivity in patients. However, kinesiophobia and its relationship with
physical activity (PA), fear of COVID-19, and fatigue in individuals have not been known yet, which was
therefore aimed to investigate in the current study .
Patients and Methods: Adult individuals (n=166, 36.3±15.37 years) were included in the study.
Kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), PA levels (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-
Short Form), fear of COVID-19 (Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCS-19)), and fatigue (Numeric Rating Scale)
were evaluated remotely between 3 June 2021 and 30 June 2021 th rough an online platform.
Results: Of the individuals, 91 (54.8%) had a high level of kinesiophobia, 55 (33.1%) were inactive, 84
(50.6%) were minimally active, and 27 (16.3%) were very active. Kinesiophobia score was significantly
correlated with age, weight, body mass index, education level, and walking, total PA, FCS-19, and fatigue
scores (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Kinesiophobia and physical inactivity are prevalent in many individuals. Although individuals
have no disease during the COVID-19 pandemic, their kinesiophobia level increases as walking, physical
activities, and education levels decrease. Kinesiophobia also increases as age, weight, body mass
index, fear of COVID-19 and fatigue increase. Considering the negative effects of kinesiophobia and the
prolonged pandemic process, individuals should be urgently dire cted to P A counseling programs.

Adult respiratory distress syndrome is an advanced degree of distressing respiratory failure in adults. Various factors play a role in this clinical picture. Although respiratory failure associated with trauma and shock has been reported since the beginning of the twentieth century, the definition of respiratory distress seen in adults is very recent. In 1967, Asbaugh et al. Described this entity with its clinical and physiopathological features.

In this work we searched tinnitus prevalance and personality charecteristics of tinnitus sufferers. Tinnitus prevalance was found 20.13 % in the adult population. This result is not different in the tinnitus literature.

Doctors Commisions report: of the Konya State Hospital from 1979 to 1989 have been reviewed. Among these reports that have been prepared the cause of the disability were studied. And the causes of the disabilities were investigated in adults. Our findings showed that musculoskeletal System was the most effected part in disabilities.

 Moyamoya disease is an entity, which is caused by obstruction or stenosis in the area between the internal carotid artery, and anterior and middle cerebral arteries, identified angiographically, and does not have an exactly known etiology. The most frequent symptoms of onset are hemorrhage in adults and ischemia in children. In this paper, we present a case of Moyamoya disease which was diagnosed with a 21 year old male patient who was admitted to our emergency department with headache, nausea vomiting and left hemiparasi complaints and whose radiological findings showed right basal ganglia hemorrhage.

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Aim: Morphine is one of the most preferred opioids in treatment of chronic pain. Recurrent use can
cause addiction. There is no consensus on cardiovascular system treatment/side effects of opioids. In
order to investigate effects of opioid addiction on heart, myocardial contractility/histological changes were
investigated in rats via experimental morphine addiction/withdr awal.
Materials and Methods: 32 adult male Wistar albino rats used for study, which was officially completed
on 28-05-2021, were divided into Control(C), Morphine(M), Morphine+Naloxone(MN) groups randomly. In
GroupC 10mg/kg 0.9% NaCl solution, in GroupM-MN 10mg/kg morphine were administered subcutaneously
for 7 days. After the last administration of morphine, 3mg/kg NaCl was given to GroupC-M, 3mg/kg naloxone
was given to GroupMN intraperitoneally. Signs of morphine withdrawal were observed for 30 minutes
and scored. 3-4mm strips of atria were hung in isolated organ bath chambers. Tension was adjusted to
2g. Adrenaline-induced contractions (0.001M) were observed. Changes in tension were recorded. SAS
University Edition 9.4 program was used for statistical analysi s.
Results: Morphine withdrawal behaviours were observed in GroupMN. There was no statistically
significant difference between atrial contractility tension values of GroupC-M-MN(p>0.05). Pre-adrenaline
tension values were higher in GroupM-MN than in GroupC. But the greatest contraction increase between
15minutes before/after adrenaline-induced data was in GroupC.
Conclusion: Morphine addiction/withdrawal didn’t cause inotropic/chronotropic changes. No histological
differences were observed in mast cells. These results may constitute a positive resource for the heart for
systems analysis in morphine addicts.

Nearly all of the reports about pneumomediastinum associated with pneumonia have been conducted in adults as pneumomediastinum was uncommon in pediatric age group. This case report is described an infant with pneumonia complicated with pneumomediastinum and epidural emphysema. Her original disease is a severe combine immunedeficiency (SCID). Another reason to provide this case report is that epidural emphysema or pneumorachis associated with pneumonia and pneumomediastinum is a rare condition.

Since the identification of SARS-CoV-2, a multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) that appears in
children after COVID-19 disease and mimics Kawasaki disease was reported in the UK in April 2020,
while it is associated with Covid-19 in adults. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-A) was reported
in June 2020. MIS-A patients have been reported to be up to 50 years of age in the literature and are more
likely to have some underlying health condition and have recently had an identifiable respiratory disease
compared to MIS-C. On the other hand, MIS-A patients and MIS-C patients have many overlapping clinical
features, but the severity of cardiac dysfunction, incidence of thrombosis, and MIS-A mortality may be
higher in MIS-A. While it is clear that neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common in
MIS-C/A, these features, together with elevations in troponin and BNP/NT-proBNP, have been considered
measures of disease activity .

Background: The aim of this study was to develop a fructose- and iron-mediated model of steatohepatitis, which is similar to the human phenotype.

Methods: We randomly divided ninety 1.5 months old female Wistar-Albino rats into three groups. All three groups contained 30 rats in each group and 5 subgroups per group. While the control group was fed ad libitum, the fructose group’s feed consisted of 60% fructose in drinking water and that of the fructose-iron group consisted of 60% fructose in drinking water along with intraperitoneal administration of iron every 2 weeks. We performed laparotomies at 2-week intervals (at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks) in all subgroups.

Results: None of the groups had hepatosteatosis or fibrosis at the end of the 10th week. Hepatocellular ballooning scores were significantly higher in the fructose-fed groups than in the control group (p<0.001). At 10th week serum ferritin levels in the fructose-iron group were significantly higher than those in the control and fructose groups (p<0.001). Iron accumulation in the rat liver was observed in the fructose-iron group histopathologically by the 4th week.

Conclusion: Chemically and histopathologically, a model of steatohepatitis can not be developed in young and female rats with 60% concentrated fructose feeding and administration of iron for 10 weeks. To develop a model of steatohepatitis resembling the human phenotype, it is more advisable and feasible to use adult male rats fed meals combined with fructose in order to maintain adequate hydration and nutrition for at least 16 weeks.

In this article, our aim was to evaluate clinical features of acute septic arthritis in relations to its prognosis. One hundred andfifiy-nine patients whose ages ranged fr-om 10 days to 72 years were reviewed two Orthopaedic Clinics in Konya and Kayseri. A compararive analysis was made by dividing the pa-tients into three age groups. First group contained 20 infants vounger [han one year of age. One hundred and six children between 1 and 16 years of age are included in the second group. Patients older than 17 years of age, 33 of them, made up the third group. The hip joim was involved in 70 patients represented largely the first and the second group. The knee was involved in 59 patients. Majority of the third group patients had knee involvement. Microorganisms iso-lated from the cultures of these joints were predorni-nantly Staphylococcus aureus which was followed by gram-negative bactarias.

Invagination is the condition whereby a segment of intestine becomes drawn into the lumen of the proximal bowel. İnvagination in adults is a rare situation and the causes are different from childhood group. A 33 years old female patient admitted to emergency service with abdominal pain , nousea and vomiting. In ultrasonography and abdominal computed tomography suspected from invagination so the patient was operated urgently.In operation a masswas palpated and segmental resection was applied. Post-operative 7 th day , the patient was discharged from hospital without any complication. In pathological evaluation well-differentiated adenocarcinoma was detected in all polyps. Although invagination is a rare condition in adult patients when suspected from invagination the possibility of malign tumor should be considered. According to this , wide segmental resection is advised.

Introduction: İn this study, we presented the results of smooth pinning which is a less aggressive surgical procedure with pelvipedal cast application in fractures of the neck of the femur in children. Materials and Methods: This study covers the results of surgically treated 48 hips of 49 children with fractured neck of femur who were admitted to our clinic betvveen 1986-1998. The mean age was 6.2 years (range 2-9 years). According to Colonna classification, four hips were type I, 27 hips were type II, 16 hips were type III, and two hips were type IV. İn ali patients, closed reduction with three or four percutaneus or öpen surgical smooth pins of two or three millimeters in diameter was applied using image intensifier and traction table. Pelvipedal cast was applied postoperatively. Results: Patients were follovved for 43 months (range 27-163 months) and the results were assessed using Ratliff’s criteria. Thirty-nine (79.6%) hips had good, nine (18.4%) hips had fair, one (2%) hip had poor results. Complications included avascular necrosis in 10 hips, prematüre closure of the epiphyseal plate in 3 hips, non-union in 3 hips, varus deformity in five hips, pin loosening in three hips. Conclusion: We realized that smooth pins were advantageous as their damages on epiphyseal plate were less, their percutaneus applications were easier and removing them by minör surgical procedures was possible. Unlike in adults, the femoral fractures in children are healed easily vvithout using compressive systems. İn relation to this, we observed that smooth pins had no negative effects in fracture union. The complication rates in this study were not higher than other studies reported in the literatüre.

Psychiatric disorders and psychological stress has been implicated as a potential trigger in onset and exacerbation of dermatological diseases. Additionally, skin diseases have often been found to be associated with anxiety, depression and impaired quality of life. Therefore, it may be considered that there are a reciprocal influence between psychiatric status and skin diseases. Although significant majority of the cases begin before adulthood, limited data are available about relationship between skin disease and psychiatric morbidity in childhood and adolescence. In this article, psychodermatologic disorders in these age groups and our current scientific knowledge on these disorders will be discussed.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of smartphone / social media use and sleep related variables on academic achievement in pre-clinical medical students.

Material and Methods: 226 students receiving pre-clinical medical education at the same institution were included in the study. All participants completed the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Social Media Addiction Scale - Adult Form (SMAS-AF), Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and Personal Information Form prepared for the study. All participants were questioned Average Academic Marks (AAM).  The participants were categorized as low / medium / high risk according to the scores of smartphone addiction scale.

Results: According to the risk of smartphone addiction, the mean score of AAM of the group with low dependency risk was 71.8 ± 8, the mean score of AAM of the group with the middle risk dependency risk was 68.4 ± 8.77, and the mean score of AAM of the group with the high dependency risk was 67.4 ± 9.75. The mean scores of AAM of the low-risk group in terms of smartphone addiction were significantly higher than the high-risk group (p = 0.035). Similarly, when the total scores of the participants' social media addiction are examined; the average of the low-risk group was 40.4 ± 11.17, the average of the medium-risk group was 51.7 ± 9.2, and the average of the high-risk group was 50.8 ± 12.9. Social media addiction total scores of the high risk group in terms of smartphone addiction were significantly higher than the medium and low risk group (p <0.001). There was no significant difference between sleep times and PDQI total scores between groups. When the factors associated with AAM were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis, a positive statistically significant relationship was detected with sleep efficiency (r = 0.19, p <0.001), while a significant negative correlation was observed with total SAS score and hours spent in bed (r = -23, p <0.001; r = -27, p <0.05, respectively). A multivariate hierarchical regression analysis model suggested that gender, sleep efficiency, SAS and SMASAF scores affected AAM.

Conclusion: Use of social media / smartphone by medical students can affect sleep habits and academic success during the period of pre-clinical education. Inclusion of training on conscious use of social media and smartphone and emphasizing the importance of sleep habits in medical education have the potential to contribute to the development of better-equipped physicians.

Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of intravenous glucose infusion in dopamine and its metabolite
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, norepinephrine and its metabolite dihydroxyphenylglycol levels in ventromedial
nucleus (VMN) by brain microdialysis method.
Patients and Methods: 2 groups of normally fed (saline and glucose administered) and 2 groups of 24 hours
food restricted (saline and glucose administered) male adult Wistar albino rats were used. Microdialysis
samples were collected at 20-minute intervals. After recording the first samples, 1.4 ml/kg 50% glucose
solution and 0.9% saline were infused via tail vein. Then, other microdialysis samples were collected for 40
minutes from satiated and fasted rats. All microdialysis samples were analyzed by HPLC-ECD system. All
values were normalised with controls before application and sta tistically analysed by SPSS 20.0.
Results: While dopamine concentrations didn’t change in physiological saline administered fasted and
satiated animals and glucose-administered fasted animals, a statistically insignificant increase was noticed
in glucose-administered satiated groups. DOPAC concentrations showed a statistically significant increase in
satiated glucose group compared to control group about DOPAC concentrations (p=0.004).
Conclusion: Dopaminergic neurotransmission in VMN may vary with blood glucose level. Hyperglycemia
following food intake may contribute to the feeling of satiety by increasing dopaminergic neurotransmitter
concentration in VMN.

The result of 67 adult patients in whorn 68 fractures of the femoral shaft had been treated by Küntscher nailing and plate were reviewed. Küntscher nailing and plates were used in 40 and 27 patients, respectively. There were 56 male and 11 fernale patients. There average age of the patients was 33.6 years (range 18 to 85 years). There were five postoperative infection, but all fractures eompletely healed.

Further laboratory studies carried out on 30 patients diagnosed as RP!! by the clinical evabiation. The levels of hormones that are thought ta be critical on the ethiology of 13P11 vere determin,,I and compared with those of 16 healthy control group. Overall reduction in testosteron and an increase in the levels of, follicle stimulating horrnones, luteinizing horrnones was found tobe statistically significant.

Further laboratory studies carried out on 30 patients diagnosed as RP!! by the clinical evabiation. The levels of hormones that are thought ta be critical on the ethiology of 13P11 vere determin,,I and compared with those of 16 healthy control group. Overall reduction in testosteron and an increase in the levels of, follicle stimulating horrnones, luteinizing horrnones was found tobe statistically signıficant.

Acute pancreatitis is an important cause of acute abdominal pain in children and requires prompt treatment because it may become life-threatening. The incidence of acute pediatric pancreatitis is increasing. Although epidemiology of acute pancreatitis, clinical manifestations and acute pancreatitis course in children are generally different than in adults, information about etiology, management and results are obtained on the basis of adult studies. In most cases, inflammation may limit itself, but in some cases acute pancreatitis, acute recurrent pancreatitis or chronic pancreatitis may progress. It is necessary to provide optimal management in the acute period of pancreatitis in children, as this may prevent secondary conplications. In this review we summarise the epidemiology of acute pancreatitis, role of imaging and imaging findings in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, treatment methods and management and complications of acute pancreatitis.

The purpose of this review is to systematically review the intervention studies conducted and published to
prevent central catheter-related bloodstream infections. In this study, MEDLINE, CINAHL COCHRANE Library
and PUBMED databases were searched using “Preventing CLABSI infections” (Central Line-associated
Bloodstream Infection = CLABSI) as a keyword. Studies published in international journals between January
1, 2016 and November 10, 2020 were evaluated, and 99 publications were reached as a result of the search.
Seven studies were included in the scope of the review in line with the inclusion / exclusion criteria. As a
result of the investigated studies, the application of evidence-based infection control measures such as
hand hygiene, adherence to maximum barrier precautions during catheter insertion, skin antisepsis with 2%
chlorhexidine, appropriate dressing, avoiding the femoral vein and questioning the need for daily catheters
through appropriate methods It has been found to be effective in preventing associated bloodstream infections.
As a result of this systematic review, it was determined that evidence-based infection control measures
should be continued to be applied in adult intensive care units, especially in adult intensive care units, in order
to reduce the incidence of central catheter-associated bloodstr eam infections.